| Pivak v. State
| Decision Date | 04 March 1931 |
| Parties | Pivak v. State of Indiana. [*] |
| Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
From Lake Criminal Court; Maurice E. Crites, Special Judge.
Tony Pivak was convicted of having unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor and of transporting the same liquor in an automobile, and, the judgment on the latter charge having been suspended, he appealed from the judgment on the former to the Appellate Court, which then had jurisdiction of misdemeanor cases (ch. 123, Acts 1929 p. 429, § 2377.1 Burns Supp. 1929), where the judgment was affirmed. Subsequently, the appellant filed in the Supreme Court a petition to transfer the case to the Supreme Court.
Petition dismissed.
Patterson & Thiel, for appellant.
James M. Ogden, Attorney-General, and Merl M. Wall, Deputy Attorney-General, for the State.
OPINION
This appeal, from a judgment imposing a fine and a short-term imprisonment at the Indiana State Farm for a misdemeanor, was filed in the Appellate Court subsequent to March 12, 1929, the date on which § 1, ch. 123, Acts 1929, § 2377.1 Burns Supp. 1929 became effective, being within the class of appeals covered by that law. The judgment was affirmed by the Appellate Court. Pivak v. State (1929), 92 Ind.App. 263, 168 N.E. 717. In a petition to transfer this case to the Supreme Court, petitioner (the appellant) contends that a constitutional question was involved in his appeal and that the Appellate Court did not have jurisdiction to decide the same.
The act of 1929, cited above, conferred jurisdiction upon the Appellate Court in certain criminal cases, but it did not in any manner repeal, amend or modify § 1, ch. 201, Acts 1925, § 1356 Burns 1926, which provides that the jurisdiction of an appeal is in the Supreme Court if in such appeal "there is in question, and such question is duly presented, . . . the constitutionality of a statute, state or federal, or the rights guaranteed by the state or federal Constitution." The jurisdiction of an appeal involving a constitutional question is in the Supreme Court, even though it is of a class of appeals that (under ch. 123, Acts 1929) would go to the Appellate Court if such constitutional question was not involved. Inre Petition to Transfer Appeals (1931), ante 365, 174 N.E. 812. But, in order for the Supreme Court to have jurisdiction of such a case, the constitutional question must actually be involved and be properly presented. It is not sufficient that it merely be alleged to be involved. If an allegation only was sufficient, it would be possible to appeal every case directly to the Supreme Court or to obtain the transfer thereto of any case pending in the Appellate Court.
The constitutional question which petitioner contends is involved in and presented by his appeal is as follows: That he was found guilty of possessing intoxicating liquor and also of feloniously transporting the same intoxicating liquor in an automobile (on the transportation charge, appellant was convicted and sentenced to serve not less than one nor more than two years in the Indiana State Prison but such sentence was suspended during good behavior and, from such conviction, he did not appeal); that, when the same act constitutes a misdemeanor and a felony, the offenses are merged, and that judgments under findings of guilty on both charges (the prosecutions were by separate affidavits but by agreement of the parties they were tried together) violate § 14, Art. 1, Constitution that "no person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense." But, upon an examination of the record, it clearly appears (A) that such question is not properly presented by the appeal and (B) that no constitutional question is actually involved in the case.
(A) The appellant made no objection to the judgment in the trial court on the ground urged by him on appeal. It is the general rule, subject to few exceptions, that questions not raised in the trial court will not be considered on appeal, Hornberger v. State (1854), 5 Ind. 300, and appellant's failure to raise such objection to the judgment in the trial court renders it unavailable on appeal. Skaggs v. State (1886), 108 Ind. 53, 8 N.E. 695; Heyverests v. State (1931), ante 359, 174 N.E. 710.
(B) Appellant is incorrect in his contention that the two offenses charged are the "same acts" and constitute the "same offense." The acts and offenses charged in the two prosecutions are separate and distinct, although they may have occurred at the same time. Such a prosecution does not violate the rule announced in Johnson v. State (1860), 14 Ind. 327, that "the state cannot split up one crime and prosecute it in parts," and the consolidation of prosecutions for different offenses under separate affidavits for the purpose of trial does not make them one offense so as to permit but one verdict and sentence. Campbell v. State (1926), 198 Ind. 231, 153 N.E. 397.
A single act may constitute two or more distinct and separate offenses, as: The sale of intoxicating liquor without a license to a minor, State v. Gapen (1896), 17 Ind.App. 524, 45 N.E. 678, 47 N.E. 25, and the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor by a person without a license and keeping and operating a place where such liquors are sold in violation of law, Woodworth v. State (1916), 185 Ind. 582, 114 N.E. 86. In Albrecht v. United States (1926), 273 U.S. 1, 47 S.Ct. 250, 71 L.Ed. 505, where a defendant by separate counts of the same information was charged with the offenses of possessing and selling intoxicating liquor, it was said: "The fact that the person sells the liquor which he possessed does not render the possession and the sale necessarily a single offense." In Thompson v. State (1929), 89 Ind.App. 555, 167 N.E. 345, it was held that, in a prosecution for unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor and for maintaining a liquor nuisance, conviction on both charges did not result in double punishment, as the two offenses are separate and distinct notwithstanding the fact that the offense of maintaining the nuisance was based on the unlawful possession of the intoxicating liquor. In Alyea v. State (1926), 198 Ind. 364, 152 N.E. 801, 153 N.E. 775, it was held that a prosecution for maintaining a public nuisance would not constitute a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the sale of intoxicating liquor at the same time and place. See, also, Thomas v. State (1924), 195 Ind. 440, 145 N.E. 550; Woodward v. State (1926), 198 Ind. 70, 152 N.E. 277; Foran v. State (1924), 195 Ind. 55, 144 N.E. 529; State v. Reed (1907), 168 Ind. 588, 81 N.E. 571.
The consolidation of the two prosecutions here for the purpose of trial did not result in a merger of the misdemeanor of possessing intoxicating liquor into the felony of transporting intoxicating liquor. There is much obscurity in the books as to the application of the doctrine of merger, but offenses to be merged must, in fact, be the same. I Bishop, Criminal Law (9th ed.) §§ 788.2, 787.4. The doctrine applies only where the identical criminal act constitutes both offenses, [1] 16 C. J. 59; I Bishop, Criminal Law (9th ed.) 560.
Moreover, it is doubtful if the doctrine of merger of offenses ever existed in this state. In Hamilton v. State (1871), 36 Ind. 280, 287, 10 Am. Rep. 22, the court said: "Without expressing any opinion on the question, whether the doctrine of merger, as it relates to criminal offenses, would be recognized in this State, we may say that the later determinations of the courts of England seem not to favor the doctrine, and in many states of the union it is held not to be the law." We find several cases in the Indiana reports in which the doctrine is referred to (some of them holding that it did not apply because the offenses were of the same grade), but we find no Indiana case in which that doctrine has actually been applied (except possibly as noted below). [2]
There being in this case no merger of offenses and no double conviction for the same offense, there can be no basis for appellant's claim that he was twice placed in jeopardy for the same offense, and it follows that no constitutional question is involved.
The petition is dismissed.
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Notes:
[*]Reported and annotated 74 A. L. R 406.
[1]The doctrine of merger rests on the principle that the offense merged is lesser than the one in which it is merged, and that the ingredients of the smaller one are so identical with the ingredients of the larger one that when both have been committed, they cannot, in reason and justice, be separated, so that to punish an accused in such a case would be, in effect, to punish the same act twice. State v. Setter (1889), 57 Conn 461, 18 A. 782, 14 Am. St. 121.
The reason for this rule lies in the common-law distinction between a felony and a misdemeanor as regards the method of trial, where a person indicted for a misdemeanor was entitled to certain advantages and privileges not accorded to one indicted for a felony. 1 Bishop, Criminal Law (9th ed.) 560; 8 R. C. L. 54; Hunter v. Commonwealth (1875), 79 Pa. 503, 21 Am. Rep. 83; State v. Fitzsimon (1893), 18 R.I. 236, 27 A. 446, 49 Am. St. 766.
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