Oney v. Oklahoma City

• Decision Date: 09 June 1941
• Docket Number: No. 2261.,2261.
• Citation: 120 F.2d 861
• Parties: ONEY et al. v. OKLAHOMA CITY et al.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

120 F.2d 861 (1941)

ONEY et al. v. OKLAHOMA CITY et al.

No. 2261.

Circuit Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

June 9, 1941.

Hayden Covington, of Brooklyn, N. Y. (Person E. Woodall, of Norman, Okl., and Joseph F. Rutherford, of Brooklyn, N. Y., on the brief), for appellants.

J. L. Gowdy, of Oklahoma City, Okl. (A. L. Jeffrey and Leon Shipp, both of Oklahoma City, Okl., on the brief), for appellees.

Before PHILLIPS, BRATTON, and MURRAH, Circuit Judges.

PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge.

Emery Oney, Gladys Renfro, Alberta Goff, Eva Phipps, E. A. Dunlap, M. E. Dunlap, Naomi Waterfield, Ethyl Waterfield,¹ and the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Inc.² brought this action against the City of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,³ W. A. Quinn, City Manager, Frank Smith, Chief of Police, and Dan Hollingworth, Head of the Intelligence Department, of the City,⁴ to enjoin the enforcement of a city ordinance enacted September 17, 1940.⁵

It is alleged in the complaint that the Society is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the state of New York and is a citizen of that state; that the City is a municipal corporation organized and existing under the laws of Oklahoma; that the defendants are citizens of the state of Oklahoma; that the individual plaintiffs are residents of the state of Oklahoma; that the suit arises under § 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and that the court has jurisdiction under § 24(14) of the Judicial Code, 28 U.S.C.A. § 41(14); that the amount in controversy, exclusive of interest and costs, exceeds the sum of $3,000; that Quinn is the City Manager of the City, charged with the duty of managing and directing its municipal affairs and of naming and employing its Chief of Police and other law-enforcing officers; that Smith is the Chief of Police of the City and is charged with the immediate duty of directing the activities of the police force of the City; that Hollingworth is the Head of the Intelligence Department of the police unit of the City; that each of the individual plaintiffs is a Jehovah's Witness and duly authorized representative of the Society; that the Society is charged by law, both divine and civil, to print, publish, and disseminate Bible truths in various languages by means of tracts, pamphlets, books, periodicals and magazines, including the magazines Watchtower and Consolation; that the Consolation magazine is a journal of fact, hope, and courage, and is devoted to the presentation of truthful information on current world events, showing their relation to the prophecies of the Bible; that the individual plaintiffs, as representatives of the Society, go forth to various cities, towns, and other places in Oklahoma to disseminate messages contained in the Bible; that they present such messages to the people in their homes, and also distribute such magazines to pedestrians upon the sidewalks and streets; that they are required to give testimony continually to the name, honor, and majesty of Jehovah and His Theocratic Government; that there is one Christianity; that there are many religions practiced in defiance of God's Law; that each individual plaintiff engages in the distribution of the publications of the Society that relate exclusively to the explanation of how the prophecies of the Bible are now being fulfilled, and how the time is near at hand when Jehovah will destroy His chief enemy, Satan, and Satan's entire organization, invisible and visible, consisting of commercial, political, and ecclesiastical religious elements and bring peace, joy, life, prosperity, and happiness to all the survivors; that the matters set forth in such publications are an attack upon religion as practiced today and at all times since man has been upon the earth, but that they show the true distinction between all religion on the one hand and the true worship or service of Almighty God on the other, thereby exposing religion as a snare and a racket of the worst kind, and show that no religion is in any way related to or a proper part of the true worship of God; that the individual plaintiffs have for several months past engaged in distributing such publication to pedestrians on the public streets and highways of the City, and to residents in the residential areas of the City "by lawfully, orderly, courteously and politely knocking at the door of the home of said residents and without importuning or annoying any inhabitants, and requested said inhabitants for permission to play in their hearing a portable phonograph and a set of records, which when played introduced and were discourses and addresses on the Bible"; that "From persons receiving such magazines, or listening to the playing of said phonograph records, and manifesting an interest therein, plaintiffs usually solicit and take a money contribution for said literature, but to persons unable to contribute plaintiffs give the magazines free and without charge; that when said persons contacted manifest no interest in said plaintiffs' materials, said plaintiffs politely excuse themselves and leave immediately, without causing any disturbance whatsoever."

That the ordinance was calculated and intended to prohibit Jehovah's Witnesses from carrying on their work as above set forth; that the police of the City on September 23, 1940, arrested Gladys Renfro, Ethyl Waterfield, and Belle Burlingame and charged them with violating the terms of the ordinance; that they "were duly tried in police court, found guilty, and fined $10.00 each"; that on October 20, 1940, Eva Phipps, Alberta Goff, and Pauline Hendrickson were arrested and charged with the violation of such ordinance; that they were held in jail until eight o'clock, A. M., October 21, and were tried and found not guilty; that various members of Jehovah's Witnesses, since the enactment of such ordinance, have been molested, followed, and trailed by the police of the City, and threatened with arrest; that the individual plaintiffs, after their arrests, were questioned, intimidated, threatened, and harassed and are being frustrated in their attempt to serve God, and exercise freedom of speech and of the press; that the police have continued to arrest plaintiffs and take them to the police station, and there question, investigate, and threaten them.

That the defendants threaten to continue the enforcement of the ordinance, and to arrest, detain, hold, intimidate, embarrass, question, and harass all of Jehovah's Witnesses who engage in the distribution of such publications on the public streets and residential areas of the City in the manner described in the complaint.

That the Society has been interfered with and frustrated in the distribution of its publications on the streets and in the residential areas of the City to its damage in excess of $3,000.

That there is nothing in the preaching and publishing carried on by Jehovah's Witnesses that is contrary to public morals or that injuriously affects public health, safety, morals, or welfare.

The relief sought was a temporary and permanent injunction enjoining the City and its officials from enforcing the ordinance and from arresting, threatening, and harassing the individual plaintiffs under color of such ordinance for distributing such publications and disseminating their beliefs respecting the Bible and its teachings.

The defendants interposed a motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter and failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The trial court held that the ordinance was constitutional, and that it lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter, and sustained the motion to dismiss the complaint. The Society and the individual plaintiffs have appealed.

Jurisdiction over the Subject Matter.

Freedom of worship, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are rights of personal liberty secured by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.⁶

8 U.S.C.A. § 43, reads as follows: "Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress."

28 U.S.C.A. § 41, in part reads as follows:

"The district courts shall have original jurisdiction as follows: * * *

"(14) * * * Of all suits at law or in equity authorized by law to be brought by any person to redress the deprivation, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State, of any right, privilege, or immunity, secured by the Constitution of the United States, or of any right secured by any law of the United States providing for equal rights of citizens of the United States, or of all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States."

None of these freedoms is a privilege or immunity peculiar to citizenship of the United States, to which alone the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment refers.⁷ We are of the opinion, however, that they are privileges and immunities secured by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and are within the ambit of 8 U.S.C. A. § 43 and 28 U.S.C.A. § 41(14).⁸

The liberty guaranteed by the due process clause is the liberty of natural, not artificial, persons.⁹

We, therefore, conclude that the court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.A. § 41(14) of the suit brought in behalf of the individual plaintiffs.

The complaint alleged that the Society is a corporation organized under the laws of New York and is a citizen of that state; that the defendants are citizens of the state of Oklahoma; that the amount in controversy, exclusive of interest and costs, is in excess of...