U.S. v. Wind, 97-1810MN

• Citation: 128 F.3d 1276
• Decision Date: 17 November 1997
• Docket Number: No. 97-1810MN,97-1810MN
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. Jon Paul WIND, Appellee.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit)

Page 1276

128 F.3d 1276

UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. Jon Paul WIND, Appellee.

No. 97-1810MN.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit

.

Submitted Oct. 21, 1997.

Decided Nov. 17, 1997.

Andrew Stephen Dunne, Asst. U.S. Atty., Minneapolis, MN, argued, for appellant.

Kevin J. Short, Minneapolis, MN, argued, for appellee.

Before FAGG, WOLLMAN and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.

FAGG, Circuit Judge.

During an undercover federal investigation of child pornography trafficking on computer online services, Jon Paul Wind sent an undercover agent computer image files of children engaged in sexually explicit conduct. After further investigation, including a search of Wind's home and computer files, the Government charged Wind with three counts of distribution of child pornography and two counts of possession of child pornography. Wind pleaded guilty to one count of possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4) (1994). Although application of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G. or Guidelines) resulted in a sentencing range of twelve to eighteen months, the district court departed downward under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. Concluding Wind's criminal conduct fell outside the heartland of typical child pornography cases, the district court imposed a sentence of eight months of imprisonment and five years of supervised release. In addition, the court fined Wind $20,000 and ordered forfeiture of his computer equipment. The Government appeals Wind's eight-month sentence, asserting the district court abused its discretion in departing from the Guidelines range. We vacate Wind's sentence and remand for resentencing.

District courts can depart downward from the applicable Guidelines range when they find a " 'mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the [G]uidelines.' " U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0 (1995) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)). Each Guideline carves out a heartland-- set of typical cases embodying the conduct that the Guideline describes. See Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, ----, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 2044, 135 L.Ed.2d 392 (1996). The Guidelines do not adequately take atypical cases into consideration, however. See id. " 'When a court finds an atypical case, one to which a particular [G]uideline linguistically applies but [in which] conduct significantly differs from the norm, the court may consider whether a departure is warranted.' " Id. (quoting U.S.S.G. ch. 1, pt. A, intro. commentary 4(b) (1995)). In other words, "[d]eparture is appropriate 'only in the extraordinary case--the case that falls outside the heartland for the offense of the conviction.' " United States v. Sharma, 85 F.3d 363, 364 (8th Cir.1996) (quoting United States v. McFarlane, 64 F.3d 1235, 1239 (8th Cir.1995)). With the exception of certain specified factors that can never be bases for departure, the Sentencing Commission has not limited the kinds of factors that may make a case atypical and provide potential grounds for departure. See Koon, 518 U.S. at ---- - ----, 116 S.Ct. at 2044-45. Nevertheless, the Commission lends courts some guidance by identifying certain factors as either encouraged or discouraged grounds. See id. at ----, 116 S.Ct. at 2045.

In keeping with an agreement between Wind and the Government, the district court applied U.S.S.G. § 2G2.4, which deals with possession of child pornography, to determine Wind's Guidelines sentence. In deciding Wind's case was atypical, the district court found "most persuasive the results of various psychological, psychiatric, and other Court-ordered tests which ... reveal that [Wind] is not a typical child predator" or pedophile. Reliance on this ground was erroneous. The Child Protection Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251-2260 (1994), specifies several crimes involving sexual exploitation of children. The corresponding Guidelines U.S.S.G. §§ 2G2.1-.5, assign different offense levels for the different offenses and provide enhancements for specific criminal conduct. Because the Guidelines take into account the gravity of a possession offense as compared with more serious forms of exploitation, Wind is not entitled to a downward departure on the ground that he did not commit, or have the tendency to commit, a worse crime. See United States v. Barton, 76 F.3d 499, 503 (2d Cir.1996); United States v. Deane, 914 F.2d 11, 13-14 (1st Cir.1990); United States v. Studley, 907 F.2d 254, 258 (1st Cir.1990). Like other courts, we are unwilling to assume that typical possessors of child pornography are also pedophiles. See Barton, 76 F.3d at 503. Although we respect the district court's "substantial experience dealing with child predators and sexual deviants," the district court should have compared Wind to other persons who merely possessed child pornography, rather than child pornographers guilty of other acts. In sum, Wind's lack of sexual tendencies towards children does not make his possession of child pornography significantly different from the normal case of child pornography possession.

The district court also believed the federal investigators' discovery of only computer files containing images of child pornography, as compared to the various items listed in the search warrant and supporting affidavit, suggested "this is not your typical child pornography case." The district court cited no authority for using the warrant to define the heartland of child pornography possession. We reject the district court's novel view. Sentencing courts must determine whether a defendant's conduct...