Irvin v. State, 29407

• Decision Date: 05 February 1957
• Docket Number: No. 29407,29407
• Citation: 236 Ind. 384,139 N.E.2d 898
• Parties: Leslie IRVIN, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Supreme Court

Page 898

139 N.E.2d 898

236 Ind. 384

Leslie IRVIN, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.

No. 29407.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

Feb. 5, 1957.

James D. Lopp, Theodore Lockyear, Jr., Evansville, for appellant.

Edwin K. Steers, Atty. Gen., Richard M. Givan and Owen S. Boling, Deputy Attys. Gen., for appellee.

ARTERBURN, Judge.

This is an appeal by Leslie Irvin, appellant herein, from a judgment convicting him of murder in the first degree. The prosecution is the result of a grand jury indictment returned in the Vanderburgh Circuit Court on the 21st day of April, 1955. After a change of venue to the Gibson Circuit Court, trial was commenced on the 10th day of December, 1955, and on the 20th day of December, 1955, the jury returned its verdict against the appellant, finding him guilty. On the 9th day of January, 1956 judgment was entered on the verdict and appellant was sentenced to pay the death penalty. The assigned error here is based solely upon the overruling of appellant's motion for a new trial.

The record in this case shows that on the night of January 18, 1956 the appellant escaped from the Gibson County jail, and that on the next day the attorneys for the appellant filed in open court a motion for a new trial. The material part of the court's entry is as follows:

'And now said attorneys file in open court the motion for a new trial. And now there is further showing to the court by Earl Hollen, the Sheriff of Gibson County, Indiana that the defendant, Leslie Irvin, escaped from the Gibson County jail last night and that his whereabouts are unknown.'

The record further discloses that the appellant was still at large on January 23, 1956 when the court made the following record:

'* * * And now the court having had under advisement the motion for a new trial and being sufficiently advised in the premises, now overrules the defendant's motion for a new trial, to which ruling of the court the defendant's attorneys except. And the court being advised by the Sheriff of Gibson County, Indiana, that the defendant, Leslie Irvin, escaped from the Gibson County Jail on the night of January 18, 1956 and is still at large, a fugitive from justice and his whereabouts are unknown.

'And now the attorneys for the defendant file with the court a copy of a letter received from the defendant, which letter is in words and figures following, to-wit:

'Wednesday

'January 18, 1956

'Dear Ted:

'I know this is the wrong thing to do, but I can't just go up to Michigan City and wait. If, they ever do give me a new trial, I'll come back and face it. Maybe the jury then will believe the truth.

'I appreciate it if you go on with the appeal. That was why I asked you the last time I saw you, if I had to be here when you filed for a new trial.

'I know that you and Jim are doing everything you can for me. It's a hard fight. But all three of us knows that the police lied, and I was convicted before I was even tried. I haven't given up hope, but it sure is hard.

'As I said above, if any when I get a new trial, I'll try again. Thanks for everything you have done for me.

'Yours very truly,

'Les'

'It is, therefore, ordered, adjudged and decreed by the court that the motion for new trial is overruled, to which ruling the defendant's attorneys except.'

The state contends that the appellant having escaped, and placed himself beyond the jurisdiction and control of the court, forfeited his right to ask the court for a new trial, since he thereby was asking for certain benefits and rights under the law, and at the same time, was placing himself beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and flouting its authority as a fugitive from justice. The question arises as to whether or not the attorneys' authority to represent a client, who has abandoned them and the court in which they represent him, is automatically terminated. May such a defendant ask for relief in court by way of a motion for a new trial, and still refuse to respond to any adverse order or rulings of the court?

In People v. Redinger, 1880, 55 Cal. 290, 36 Am.Rep. 32, the defendant was convicted of murder, and sentenced to death by hanging and then escaped. The attorney general objected to any one being heard for the defendant on appeal, on the ground that the court ought not to recognize anyone as counsel for the defendant after he had escaped, and thereby voluntarily withdrawn himself from the jurisdiction of the court; however, a brief was allowed to be filed on behalf of the defendant-appellant. The court reviewed many cases, and stated that the whole theory of criminal proceedings is based on the idea of the defendant-appellant being in the power and under the control of the court at all times. The constitution and statute provides him with counsel and gives him certain rights and privileges. He cannot accept these benefits, and flout the law and jurisdiction of the court. The court finally stated, 55 Cal. on page 298:

'For the reasons here given, sustained by cases cited, we think the defendant has no longer a right to appear by counsel, when he has escaped from custody, until he has returned into custody. By breaking jail and escaping, he had waived the right to have counsel appear for him. (Commonwealth v. Andrews, 97 Mass. ut. supra). In fact, his right to constitute counsel and invest him with authority no longer exists while his absence from custody continues.' (Our italics.)

In People of the State of New York v. Genet, 1874, 59 N.Y. 80, 17 Am.Rep. 315, the court held the defendant, who has escaped, will not be permitted to take any action, or to be heard in a criminal proceeding so long as he remains at large. This ruling was not based on any statutory provision but was held to be a general rule of criminal jurisprudence.

Some courts have held that a defendant may not ask a favorable ruling from a court, and place the court in a position by his escape so that he cannot be made to respond to an adverse ruling. Tyler v. State, 1909, 3 Okl.Cr. 179, 104 P. 919, 26 L.R.A.,N.S., 921; Jackson v. Commonwealth, Ky.1952, 247 S.W.2d 52; Pike v. Pike, 1946, 24 Wash.2d 735, 167 P.2d 401, 163 A.L.R. 1314.

Such courts have given as a reason for the refusal to consider any appeal or petition of a defendant while he is a fugitive from justice that it would be asking the court to do a futile or useless act which it cannot enforce.

In this case how could the trial court have granted the appellant a new trial if he were not present to participate in the new trial? He was asking the court through ostensible counsel to do a futile or useless act, depending upon his whim or decision as to whether or not he would finally or voluntarily surrender himself for a new trial. There was only one ruling the trial court could make in this case under the circumstances which were created by the appellant's own act of escape, and that was to deny or overrule the motion for a new trial.

The appellant in his letter to his attorney after his escape, which letter is set out above in the court's order book entry, says he would come back if he is granted a new trial. It is interesting to note the language which the Supreme Court of the United States used in Allen v. State of Georgia, 1897, 166 U.S. 138, 141, 17 S.Ct. 525, 526, 41 L.Ed. 949 where it held a defendant who has escaped, committed a distinct criminal offense as well as abandoned his right of appeal. The court said:

'* * * Otherwise he is put in a position of saying to the court: 'Sustain my writ, and I will surrender myself, and take my chances upon a second trial; deny me a new trial and I will leave the state, or forever remain in hiding * * *'.'

Courts do not grant new trials on the basis of bargaining with a defendant at large. It is an affront to the court, and contemptuous to express such assumption. If the court had granted his request for a new trial, and he had thereupon voluntarily surrendered, the appearances of a bargain would have been substantiated. Smith v. United States, 1876, 94 U.S. 97, 24 L.Ed. 32.

Courts should not so coddle those who are defiant of its authority and the law, and who yet ask for its relief, that it is blinded to such inconsistencies. 'If the law supposes that', Dickens has Mr. Bumble say, 'the law is a ass, a idiot.'

The failure of the prosecuting attorney to object to the filing of the motion for a new trial while the appellant was a fugitive cannot supply the authority his counsel needed to represent him at the time he abandoned them, and the jurisdition of the court. Furtherore, this is a matter which vitally affects the court's authority and judicial processes--a matter of public, not private concern. It was contempt of the court as well as a law violation. Such matters are not subject to waiver by either party to the action. It is a matter that lies with the courts in enforcing their authority.

Some courts hold that if an escaped defendant returns, or is recaptured, it is discretionary with the court as to whether or not his appeal will be considered. Stevens v. State, 1927, 26 Ohio App. 53, 159 N.E. 834; 2 Am.Jur., Appeal and Error, § 235, p. 988.

We held in Kirkman v. State, 1953, 232 Ind. 563, 114 N.E.2d 878, that a defendant who escapes pending an appeal, forfeits his right to prosecute such appeal while out of the custody of the court, even though before the appeal was determined he was recaptured, and held in another state on another criminal charge arising subsequent to the escape.

Most of the cases on the question which we have examined, base their decisions on waiver or estopped. They deal with situations where the appellant and defendant were still at large pending an appeal which apparently had been...