Kansas Public Employees Retirement System v. Russell, 97-1879.

Decision Date30 March 1998
Docket NumberNo. 97-1879.,97-1879.
Citation140 F.3d 748
PartiesKANSAS PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Michael K. RUSSELL, an individual, Defendant.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Kenneth Philip Ross, Chicago, IL, argued (Robert F. Coleman, Eugene J. Schiltz, Timothy K. McPike, Eugene I. Pavalon and Geoffrey L. Gifford, on the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Before McMILLIAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges.

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

The Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS) appeals the order of the District Court granting summary judgment to Michael Russell. The court granted summary judgment on the basis of a prior order in which it found KPERS's claims against Russell's co-defendants to be time barred. KPERS asserts that summary judgment must be reversed in light of an intervening decision of the Kansas Supreme Court. We agree and hold that KPERS's claims against Russell are timely. We therefore reverse.

I.

This litigation has been before our circuit a number of times.1 An exhaustive recitation of the facts underlying KPERS's claims would be lengthy and, for purposes of this appeal, unnecessary.2 We recount only the events pertinent to the disposition of this appeal.

KPERS is a statewide retirement system for certain employees of the State of Kansas. To invest KPERS's assets, Reimer & Koger Associates was appointed KPERS's agent and attorney-in-fact to buy, sell, and trade in securities. In August 1985, Russell became chairman of KPERS's Board of Trustees. Russell was a friend and business associate of Kansas City banker Frank Morgan. In 1985, Morgan and his uncle, Sherman Dreiseszun, purchased Home Savings Association of Kansas City, a troubled Missouri savings and loan. Morgan and Dreiseszun named Russell as a director. Russell had in the past borrowed large amounts from Home Savings.

Morgan invited Reimer & Koger to invest $15 million of KPERS's funds in Home Savings debentures. Russell, who was at the time a member of both KPERS's board and Home Savings's board, resigned from Home Savings's board. Shortly thereafter, KPERS invested $15 million in Home Savings. Russell then solicited each member of KPERS's board to approve an additional $50 million investment in Home Savings debentures. Russell represented to the board that the $50 million would be used to acquire a large St. Louis-based savings and loan. KPERS's board approved the investment.

In June 1986, Home Savings bid on the St. Louis savings and loan. By fall of 1986, Home Savings knew it had lost the bid and dropped the St. Louis acquisition from consideration. In 1991, regulators closed Home Savings and appointed the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) as receiver. KPERS lost its entire $65 million in principal.

KPERS initially filed suit against the Reimer & Koger defendants on June 5, 1991, in Kansas state court. On December 23, 1991, KPERS amended its petition to name as defendants Russell, various Home Savings defendants, and others. As to Russell, KPERS alleges that Russell told the other KPERS board members that the money would be used to buy the St. Louis savings and loan when, in fact, he knew the money would not be so used. Furthermore, KPERS alleges that Russell made these false statements so that Home Savings would, in turn, lend him $40 million. The Home Savings defendants impleaded the RTC, and the RTC removed the case to federal court in the Western District of Missouri.

In KPERS III, we held that Missouri limitation law governs the case. See KPERS v. Reimer & Koger Assoc., Inc., 61 F.3d 608, 614 (8th Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1114, 116 S.Ct. 915, 133 L.Ed.2d 845 (1996). We determined that KPERS's action was subject to Missouri's five-year statute of limitation period for fraud, see Mo.Rev.Stat. § 516.120(5) (1994), unless, under Missouri's borrowing statute, the action would be fully barred by a shorter statute in the state where the cause of action originated, see id. § 516.190 (1994). To determine whether the claims would be barred by a shorter statute, we looked to the Kansas statutes of limitation.

When KPERS filed this lawsuit in 1991, the applicable Kansas statutes of limitation were the two-year torts statute, see Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-513(a) (Supp.1997), and the three-year statutory claims statute, see id. § 60-512(2) (1994). In 1992, the Kansas legislature enacted a new ten-year statute of limitation for any "action brought by, or on behalf of, [KPERS]." Id. § 60-522(a) (1994). Notwithstanding the inclusion in § 60-522 that the limitations set forth therein "are to be construed and applied retroactively," id. § 60-522(c), in KPERS III we relied on the reasoning in Harding v. Kansas City Wall Products, Inc., 250 Kan. 655, 831 P.2d 958 (1992), that the legislature had not specifically expressed an intent to revive actions barred by the statute of limitations. We therefore decided in KPERS III that the statute was not effective with respect to causes of action asserted in cases filed before its enactment. See KPERS III, 61 F.3d at 614-15. Thus, we held that the ten-year statute was not applicable to this litigation and concluded that, by way of Missouri's borrowing statute, the Kansas two- and three-year statutes applied. We remanded to the District Court to determine whether KPERS's claims were time-barred under the applicable two- and three-year Kansas statutes. We denied a motion for rehearing and suggestion for rehearing en banc in KPERS III, and the Supreme Court denied certiorari. See KPERS III, 516 U.S. 1114, 116 S.Ct. 915, 133 L.Ed.2d 845 (1996).

On remand, all of the defendants except Russell moved for summary judgment. By way of two separate orders, the District Court granted summary judgment to the moving defendants on the grounds that KPERS's claims were barred by the Kansas two- and three-year statutes. The first order was entered in June 1996 and the second in July 1996. KPERS appealed those summary judgment orders, and argument was set for March 13, 1997. In November 1996, Russell moved for summary judgment. On March 4, 1997, the District Court entered its order granting summary judgment to Russell. KPERS filed an appeal and moved to stay the March 13, 1997 argument so that the appeals could be consolidated. We denied the motion.

The appeal of the first two summary judgment orders became KPERS VI, wherein we affirmed summary judgment as to those defendants. See KPERS v. Blackwell, Sanders, Matheny, Weary & Lombardi, L.C., 114 F.3d 679, 692 (8th Cir.1997), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 118 S.Ct. 738, 139 L.Ed.2d 675 (1998).

Our decision, issued on May 13, 1997, rejected KPERS's claims that it was exempt from statutes of limitation because it was engaged in governmental, rather than proprietary functions. Our decision relied on precedents of the Kansas Supreme Court stating that "[m]aintaining KPERS is a proprietary function of the state," KPERS VI, 114 F.3d at 687 (quoting In re Midland Indus., 237 Kan. 867, 703 P.2d 840, 843 (.1985), which in turn discussed the holding of Shapiro v. KPERS, 216 Kan. 353, 532 P.2d 1081 (1975)).

We denied rehearing and rehearing en banc in KPERS VI on June 12, 1997, and mandate issued June 20, 1997. The Kansas Supreme Court issued a decision on June 27, 1997, regarding the statutes of limitation applicable to KPERS. See KPERS v. Reimer & Koger Assoc., Inc., 262 Kan. 635, 941 P.2d 1321 (1997). The Kansas Supreme Court held that KPERS's investment functions are governmental in nature, and, therefore, general statutes of limitation do not apply. Instead, only the ten-year statute enacted specifically for KPERS litigation is applicable. Furthermore, the court held that the ten-year statute should apply retroactively, expressly disapproving of the result we reached in KPERS III that the statute did not apply to cases filed before its enactment. See id. at 1343, 1347. Thus, when Russell's case came before this court, it was after the Kansas Supreme Court had rejected our reasoning in KPERS III and VI.

KPERS petitioned the Supreme Court for certiorari review of KPERS VI, arguing that the Supreme Court should vacate the decision in light of the intervening Kansas case. However, the Supreme Court denied review on January 12, 1998, and KPERS VI became final.

II.

Although KPERS VI is now final and would ordinarily be the law of the case, KPERS claims that the intervening Kansas decision should lead to a different result in its case against Russell.

The law of the case doctrine "does not apply when an intervening decision from a superior tribunal clearly demonstrates the law of the case is wrong." Morris v. American Nat'l Can Corp., 988 F.2d 50, 52 (8th Cir.1993). The recent Kansas Supreme Court opinion is clearly such an intervening decision. The Kansas Supreme Court is a superior tribunal to decide whether a Kansas statute applies retroactively and whether KPERS acts in a governmental or proprietary function. Further, the Kansas Supreme Court unambiguously stated that the law of the case is wrong. We are therefore obligated "to apply state law ... in accordance with the then controlling decision of the highest state court." Vandenbark v. Owens-Illinois Co., 311 U.S. 538, 543, 61 S.Ct. 347, 350, 85 L.Ed. 327 (1941). We must reverse "on appellate review if in the meantime the state courts have disapproved of [our] former rulings and adopted different ones." Huddleston v. Dwyer, 322 U.S. 232, 236, 64 S.Ct. 1015, 1017-18, 88 L.Ed. 1246 (1944).

The Kansas Supreme Court concluded that "[t]he legislative intent is clear. The legislature intended [the ten year statute of limitation applicable to actions brought by or on behalf of KPERS] to be applied retroactively, and we hold it should be so applied.... [W]e disapprove of the result reached in [KPERS III]." KPERS, 941 P.2d at 1347. The ten-year statute thus applies to cases pending at the time of its enactment. In Russell's case,...

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