Love v. Foster, 98-30436
| Decision Date | 16 July 1998 |
| Docket Number | No. 98-30436,98-30436 |
| Citation | 147 F.3d 383 |
| Parties | G. Scott LOVE, Paul S. Bergeron, Kathleen B. Balhoff, and Bennie Baker Bourgeois, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Mike FOSTER, State of Louisiana, Governor; Fox McKeithen, State of Louisiana, Secretary, Defendants-Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
M. Miller Baker, Carr, Goodson & Lee, Washington, DC, Daniel Joseph Balhoff, Atkinson, Perry, Atkinson & Balhoff, Baton Rouge, LA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
Roy A. Mongrue, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Angie Rogers LaPlace, Baton Rouge, LA, for Defendants-Appellees.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana.
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, and WISDOM and JONES, Circuit Judges.
On remand from the Supreme Court and this court the trial judge, in light of a failure by the Louisiana Legislature to correct a constitutional defect in the state's election code, set the dates for Louisiana's future congressional elections. The plaintiffs appeal this order, contending that by striking down the provision for an October election for congressional office the Supreme Court vitiated the entire election code. They further contend that by operation of Louisiana law, the election system replaced by the present code automatically is revived. For the reasons assigned we reject these contentions and affirm the action of the district court.
In 1995 the four plaintiffs, Louisiana voters, sought declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging that the state's election provisions violated federal statutes which require a uniform, nationwide election day for members of Congress. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants and plaintiffs appealed to this court. We reversed, holding that the plaintiffs were "entitled to a declaratory judgment that Louisiana's election scheme conflicts with 2 U.S.C. §§ 1, 7 to the extent that the Louisiana scheme authorizes a contested election for members of Congress to be decided in the open primary before the uniform federal election day." 1 The Supreme Court granted certiorari and in due course affirmed, holding that "[w]hen Louisiana's statute is applied to select from among congressional candidates in October, it conflicts with federal law and to that extent is void." 2
In our decision, affirmed by the Supreme Court, we remanded with directions that the plaintiffs' request for injunctive relief be reconsidered if the Louisiana Legislature failed to act timely to resolve the conflict occasioned by the October primary. The Legislature declined to act in a special session called by the Governor and the district court did as directed and ordered elections consistent with the provisions of the Louisiana election code, federal statutes, and the holdings of this court and the Supreme Court. The trial court ordered that the upcoming congressional election and, absent intervening action by the Legislature, future elections for members of Congress shall be held on federal election day, the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November. In this year that date is November 3, 1998. In the event no candidate receives a majority of the votes cast, the court ordered a runoff election on the next available election date contained in Louisiana law, R.S. 18:512(C), the third Saturday after federal election day which, this year, is December 5, 1998. Otherwise, the elections are to be conducted in full accordance with the Louisiana election code as currently written.
Plaintiffs appeal, contending that the district court erred when it failed to order reinstated the closed primary election system in effect prior to the open primary system instituted by Act 1 of the 1975 Regular Session, and Act 697 of the 1976 Regular Session. It is the position of plaintiffs-appellants that the decisions by this court and by our Supreme Court mandated the trial court's abolition of Louisiana's open primary system and the reinstatement of the previously extant closed primary scheme.
Neither our earlier opinion nor that of the Supreme Court leaves any room for doubt or uncertainty. It is manifest that Louisiana's practice of holding, and in most instances deciding, congressional elections prior to the federally established uniform election day is in direct conflict with federal law. But it was only the timing of the first primary election that was found to be legally repugnant. There has been no relevant finding that the remainder of Louisiana's election code is in conflict with the Constitution or with any federal statute. In our earlier rejection of the invitation to declare the current election system invalid, and to replace it with the previous scheme, we stated that such a "drastic remedy would require us to radically overhaul the state's election procedure and reinstate an election system which the state abolished eighteen years ago." 3 We were not then prepared to take that Gargantuan step, nor, apparently, was the Supreme Court. We are not now prepared to do so unless mandated by dispositive law.
The critical question at bar is whether the invalidity of the provision for the October primary election dooms the entirety of the Louisiana election code. Stated more precisely, is that section severable from the legislation? Severability is a matter of state law, 4 to which we now turn.
Under Louisiana law, when a portion of a statute is found to be invalid, a severability analysis is an essential element of judicial review. 5 Louisiana Revised Statute 24:175, which contains the state's general rule on severability, provides:
Unless otherwise specifically provided therein, the provisions of each act of the legislature are severable, whether or not a provision to that effect is included in the act. If any provision or item of an act, or an application thereof, is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions, items, or applications of the act which can be given effect without the invalid provision, item, or application.
As the election code contains no bar to severability, the court is required to determine whether the remaining parts of the legislation can be given effect without the invalid provision. The Louisiana Supreme Court has determined that "[t]he test for severability is whether the unconstitutional portions of the law are so interrelated and connected with the constitutional portions that they cannot be separated without destroying the intention of the legislative body enacting the law." 6 Stated simply, the first question is whether the legislature would have passed the statute without the invalid features. 7
In 1976 the Louisiana Legislature completely rewrote the state's election code. The revision abolished the state's dual primary system in favor of an open primary system where all qualified candidates, regardless of party affiliation, appear on the same ballot, and all voters, with like disregard of party, are entitled to vote. The election code provided that this initial balloting take place on the first Saturday in October 8 with a runoff, if required, on federal election day. It appears certain beyond peradventure that the Legislature would have enacted the new open primary system with or without the constitutionally impermissible October election date. The obvious principal concern of the Legislature was the enactment of an open primary election system.
Finding it abundantly clear that the Legislature would have adopted the statute without the invalid provision, our inquiry must now focus on the critical question whether the remainder of the statute is capable of enforcement without that provision. "It is not within the authority of the judiciary to rewrite the legislation in order to salvage the remainder." 9 Rather, for the legislation to survive the valid portions of the election code must form a complete act within itself. 10
Article I, Section 4, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution provides:
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations....
This clause establishes the power of each state to regulate elections, limited by the power of the Congress to make modifications. In exercising this authority, the Louisiana Legislature enacted an election code which, inter alia, sets three dates for congressional elections: (1) a primary election to be held on the first Saturday in October, 11 (2) a runoff election to be held on federal election day, 12 and (3) in the event of a tie, a third election to be held on the third Saturday thereafter. 13 In absence of action by Congress, these dates are consistent with the constitutional provision authorizing the states to regulate the time, place, and manner of holding elections.
It is beyond dispute that Congress has acted in this area, however, and has required a uniform day for the election of all congressional candidates. It has established a federal election day on the "Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November, in every even numbered year...." 14 Louisiana's practice of allowing what turned out frequently to be decisive congressional elections prior to federal election day thwarted the congressional intent to establish this uniform day, providing the basis for invalidating this section of the Louisiana election system. The question which remains is whether the Louisiana election schema, without the October first primary, may stand on its own.
We harbor no doubt that this question may be answered in the affirmative. The Louisiana election code systemically is complete. It provides for an open primary for election of state and federal office holders. It establishes detailed procedures for implementing elections and regulating the voting process. It provides an encompassing body of law governing the conduct of local, state, and federal elections.
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