U.S. v. Anchondo

• Decision Date: 01 September 1998
• Docket Number: No. 97-2305,97-2305
• Citation: 156 F.3d 1043
• Parties: 98 CJ C.A.R. 4526 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Erick ANCHONDO, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1043

156 F.3d 1043

98 CJ C.A.R. 4526

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Erick ANCHONDO, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 97-2305.

United States Court of Appeals,

Tenth Circuit.

Sept. 1, 1998.

Thomas L. Wright (Gary J. Hill on the brief), The Law Offices of Gary Hill, El Paso, TX, for Defendant-Appellant.

J. Miles Hanisee, Office of U.S. Atty., District of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (John J. Kelly, U.S. Atty., District of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Daniel F. Haft, Office of U.S. Atty., District of New Mexico, Las Cruces, NM, on the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before TACHA, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

TACHA, Circuit Judge.

The defendant was indicted on one of count of possession with intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B), and for aiding and abetting, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2. After the district court denied his motion to suppress evidence, the defendant entered a conditional guilty plea. He now appeals the denial of his motion to suppress. We take jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

I.

On the evening of January 9, 1997, the defendant and his passenger, Felipe Garcia, stopped at a fixed checkpoint on Highway I-25, about 26 miles north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. While one border patrol agent asked the men routine questions, another agent walked a drug-sniffing canine around the exterior of the defendant's sedan. During this canine inspection, the dog "alerted," indicating the presence of illegal narcotics.

Based on the canine alert, the agents asked the defendant to move his car to a secondary inspection area in order to confirm the canine's alert. The defendant consented, moved the car, and voluntarily exited the vehicle to allow a more thorough search of the car. The dog again alerted to the inside of the car and the defendant and Garcia were moved to a nearby trailer.

The border patrol agents were unable to locate the presence of any contraband in the vehicle. Agent Alvarado went to the trailer and asked the defendant and Garcia if they had any personal amounts of contraband in the vehicle. Defendant responded by stating: "[y]ou're not going to find anything in that vehicle." Applt. App. at 11. At the suppression hearing, the defendant denied making this statement. In reviewing a motion to suppress, however, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the district court's ruling, see United States v. Elliott, 107 F.3d 810, 813 (10th Cir.1997), and therefore must assume the statement was made.

Agent Jose Alvarado then conducted a "pat and frisk" of the defendant's outer clothing which he described as "loose." Applt. App. at 12. During the search, Agent Alvarado felt a hard object in the defendant's waistline. The agent testified that he believed the object to be the butt of a semi-automatic handgun. The agent removed the object and found that it was a package of cocaine strapped to the defendant's stomach. Four such packages were recovered from the defendant. Marijuana was found on the body of Garcia.

II.

When reviewing a district court's grant or denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the district court's factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. See Elliott, 107 F.3d at 813. The ultimate conclusion of whether the Fourth Amendment allowed a particular stop, however, is a legal determination that we review de novo. See id.

The defendant admits that the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle. He argues, however, that under the totality of the circumstances, the agents had no authority to search the defendant's person for illegal narcotics. Furthermore, the defendant argues that the agents cannot even make the less onerous showing under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), to justify a pat-down search of the defendant for weaponry. According to the defendant, if the agents had truly thought that the defendant posed a threat to their safety, they would have patted him down immediately after moving him to the secondary inspection area.

We find it unnecessary to address the parties arguments on the application of Terry v. Ohio to this case because the agents were justified in conducting a full, warrantless search of the defendant under these circumstances. The Fourth Amendment normally requires that law enforcement officers obtain a warrant, based on probable cause, before conducting a search. See, e.g., New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 457, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981). There are limited exceptions to that rule, however, one of which is that officers may conduct a warrantless search of a person when it is incident to a lawful arrest of that person. See Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 762-63, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685 (1969). In order to be a legitimate "search incident to arrest," the search need not take place after the arrest. A warrantless search preceding an arrest is a legitimate "search incident to arrest" as long as (1) a legitimate basis for the arrest existed before the search, and (2) the...