Fish v. State

• Citation: 159 So.2d 866
• Decision Date: 24 January 1964
• Docket Number: No. 32891,32891
• Parties: Dale T. FISH, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: United States State Supreme Court of Florida

Page 866

159 So.2d 866

Dale T. FISH, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 32891.

Supreme Court of Florida.

Jan. 24, 1964.

Selig I. Goldin and Reynolds & Goldin, Gainesville, for appellant.

James W. Kynes, Atty. Gen., and George R. Georgieff, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

ROBERTS, Justice.

The sole issue here is whether an indigent defendant, accused of committing a crime which is a misdemeanor only, is entitled to have counsel appointed to assist him in his defense to the charge.

The question arose in a motion-to-vacate-commitment proceeding instituted by appellant, under the authority of Florida Criminal Procedure Rule No. 1 adopted April 1, 1963, F.S.A. ch. 924 Appendix, ¹ to test the legality of his confinement in the Alachua County jail under judgments of the trial court entered upon his pleas of 'guilty' to the several misdemeanors charged against him.

The trial judge heard the testimony of the appellant and entered an order finding that at the time of trial appellant 'was indigent and unable to retain counsel of his own choosing'; and, further, that appellant 'was not represented by counsel, did not waive counsel, did not request counsel and the Court did not offer to appoint counsel to defend [him] when he was arraigned, when he entered a plea of guilty and when he was adjudicated guilty in each of the above causes.' The trial judge held, however, that there was nothing in the Florida Constitution nor in the United States Constitution requiring that an indigent defendant should have court-appointed counsel to defend him on a misdemeanor charge. His order denying the appellant's several motions 'to vacate commitment' has been appealed directly to this court, as authorized by revised Article V, Section 4(2), F.S.A.

It is clear that, under the pronouncements of the United States Supreme Court in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1962) ('the Gideon case' hereafter), the judgments entered against appellant in the circumstances quoted above would have been vulnerable to collateral attack if such judgments had convicted appellant of felonies. And the appellant contends here that the language of the high court in the Gideon case is broad enough to include misdemeanors, as well as felonies, and that he has been unlawfully deprived of his liberty because of the failure of the court to appoint counsel to defend him in the circumstances recounted above.

In the now historic decision in the Gideon case, supra, the United States Supreme Court held that the right of one charged with crime to have counsel is 'a fundamental right, essential to a fair trial', requiring appointment of counsel in a state court under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, just as the Sixth Amendment requires in a federal court. It expressly reversed its previous decision in Betts v. Brady (1942), 316 U.S. 455, 62 S.Ct. 1252, 86 L.Ed. 1595, in which it had held that a refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a noncapital felony did not necessarily violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment--that 'special circumstances' must be shown in order to constitute such refusal an unconstitutional deprivation of a fundamental right

Following the decision in the Gideon case, this court initiated steps to facilitate the procedure by which convicted felons could obtain relief from judgments of conviction that were subject to collateral attack because of the denial of a fundamental right, including the right to counsel, by adopting Criminal Procedure Rule No. 1. Thereafter the Legislature of Florida enacted Public Defender Law, Ch. 63-409, Laws of 1963, creating the office of public defender--one for each judicial circuit in this state, with assistants an needed--to represent indigent defendants who are charged with a non-capital felony, unless such person 'knowingly, understandingly, and intelligently' waives the opportunity to be so represented.

These actions were taken by this court and the Legislature as the direct result of--it might even be said, under the coercion of--the mandate of the United States Supreme Court in the Gideon case. Until the enactment of the Public Defender Law, supra, there was nothing in our statutory law requiring court-appointed counsel to represent a non-capital indigent defendant. And our organic law-Section 11, Declaration of Rights, Florida Constitution--insofar as the right to counsel is concerned, says only that an accused has the right to be heard 'by himself, or counsel, or both.' (Emphasis added.) Thus, until the decision in the Gideon case, the courts of this state appointed counsel to represent an indigent defendant in a capital case only--and, occasionally when 'special circumstances' were shown, in non-capital cases under the rule of Betts v. Brady, Supra.

Since the Gideon case, our Legislature has provided for a public defender to represent indigent defendants in all non-capital felony cases. By limiting the...