Zelman v. Gregg

• Decision Date: 17 February 1994
• Docket Number: No. 93-1416,93-1416
• Citation: 16 F.3d 445
• Parties: Victor ZELMAN and Betty Zelman, Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. Richard L. GREGG, Commissioner of the Public Dept., et al., Defendants, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 445

16 F.3d 445

Victor ZELMAN and Betty Zelman, Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. Richard L. GREGG, Commissioner of the Public Dept., et al Defendants, Appellees.

No. 93-1416.

United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.

Submitted July 7, 1993.

Decided Feb. 17, 1994.

Victor Zelman and Betty Zelman on brief pro se.

Stuart E. Schiffer, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., Jay P. McCloskey, U.S. Atty., Barbara C. Biddle and Deborah Ruth Kant on brief, for defendants, appellees.

Before CYR, BOUDIN and STAHL, Circuit Judges.

BOUDIN, Circuit Judge.

This is a suit by the owners of federal savings bonds that were allegedly stolen and redeemed without the owners' permission. The district court dismissed the suit on the ground that it had been brought in the wrong court. With certain clarifications, we affirm.

I.

In this case Victor and Betty Zelman, a husband and wife residing in Maine, brought suit pro se in district court against the Secretary of the Treasury and the Commissioner of the Public Debt. Their complaint alleged that six series E bonds issued to one or both of the Zelmans, currently worth (in total) more than $10,000, had been stolen from them and that the government was now refusing to issue replacements. ¹ Claiming that the government had breached the contractual rights reflected in the bonds, the Zelmans sought an injunction to require the issuance of replacements.

Prior to bringing suit, the Zelmans had requested replacements from the Bureau of Public Debt which administers the savings bond program for the Treasury. In reply the Bureau told the Zelmans the following: first, government records showed the bonds to have been redeemed more than ten years ago; second, government regulations create a presumption that redeemed bonds have been properly paid if no claims have been filed within ten years of redemption; and third, since the government now retains no other records after ten years has elapsed following redemption, "no details regarding ... redemption [of the Zelmans' bonds] can be furnished."

Broadly speaking and with certain qualifications, government bonds are viewed as contracts between the government and the owners, whose terms are fixed by statutes, regulations and offering circulars. Estate of Curry v. United States, 409 F.2d 671, 675 (6th Cir.1969); Wolak v. United States, 366 F.Supp. 1106, 1111-12 (D.Conn.1973) (collecting and quoting numerous cases). In response to the Zelmans' suit, which explicitly alleged a breach of contract, the U.S. Attorney asserted that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the suit. This is so, the U.S. Attorney argued in a motion to dismiss, because contract claims against the United States for amounts of over $10,000 may be brought only in the Claims Court. 28 U.S.C. Secs. 1346(a)(1), 1491(a)(1).

The district court agreed with the government, stating that "since this is an action for breach of contract and more than $10,000 is at stake, the Tucker Act provides that jurisdiction exists only in the ... Claims Court...." Noting that no request for such a transfer had been made, see 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1631, the district court dismissed the case for want of jurisdiction and without prejudice to a new action in a court with jurisdiction. The Zelmans have sought review in this court, arguing that the dismissal was improper and that redress apart from damages should be afforded to them.

II.

On appeal, the Zelmans first argue that each bond should be treated as a separate contract and that, individually, each such claim in this case is under $10,000 and within the jurisdiction of the district court. The government responds that there is "some authority" for the proposition that separate claims for under $10,000 should not be aggregated; ² but it says that the district court still "lacked jurisdiction" to afford the only remedy sought by the Zelmans in this case, namely, an injunction directing re-issuance of the bonds. Indeed, we have held that "[f]ederal courts do not have the power to order specific performance by the United States of its alleged contractual obligations." Coggeshall Development Corp. v. Diamond, 884 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1989).

One could argue about whether "jurisdiction"--a term with many shades of meaning--is lacking if the complaint has asserted a colorable claim (in this case, for breach of contract) but named an unavailable remedy. But the Zelmans did not argue to the district court that the claims may be disaggregated (although two sentences in their memorandum hinted at such an argument) and even now the government does not quite concede the point. We are reluctant to overturn the district court in a civil suit based on a disaggregation theory not raised in that court. Indeed, the government does not confess error on this issue and may dispute or hope to distinguish the disaggregation precedents.

Accordingly, we are disposed to affirm the district court but without prejudice to the Zelmans' filing of a new suit in the same district court if they wish to pursue their disaggregation theory. We say "if" because the Claims Court has unquestioned jurisdiction, assuming that the Zelmans are now prepared to accept damages as their relief. The Zelmans might prefer to refile their suit in the Maine district court or they might conclude that the Claims Court, although more distant, is a preferable forum in order to avoid another possible round of jurisdictional controversy. The initial choice is theirs.

But we have something more to say about the course of this matter. The pages of correspondence between the Zelmans and the Treasury's Bureau of the Public Debt will be familiar, at least as a prototype, to anyone who has ventured to assert a money claim against a public body. Although the Bureau's letters to the Zelmans (and later to their senator) may well be accurate in a literal sense, most lay readers would likely believe that the Bureau had determined the Zelmans' claim to be without merit. The critical sentences, repeated in several of the letters, are these:

[T]he regulations governing savings bonds provide that bonds for which no claim has been filed within 10 years of the recorded date of redemption will be presumed to have been properly paid. At that time, the payment records of such bonds are destroyed and from then on there is no data available from which photographs or other details regarding the redemption can be obtained.

The critical phrase, "presumed to have been properly paid," is taken verbatim from the current Treasury regulations, 31 C.F.R. Sec. 315.29(b), although the regulation in question is not cited in the letters. The word "presumed" has more than one meaning but it quite often refers to a rebuttable presumption; that is, when the predicate fact is proved (here, that the bonds were redeemed by someone over ten years ago), then some other "presumed" fact (here, that the bonds were redeemed by their real owners) will be taken to be true--unless and until the party disputing the presumed fact offers substantial countervailing evidence. See Fed.R.Evid. 301; 2 J. Strong, McCormick on Evidence Sec. 342 (4th Ed.1992). ³

Assuming for purposes of discussion that the regulation refers to a rebuttable presumption, then quite likely the Zelmans have the burden of offering evidence to establish that the bonds were stolen from them and if redeemed were redeemed without their permission. They might have such a burden even without the presumption. The Zelmans may be hindered because the Bureau has apparently disposed of the records of redemption apart from recording the fact of redemption. Still, a factfinder might well believe the Zelmans, especially if they can corroborate the theft of the bonds. Stolen bonds are unlikely to have been redeemed by their rightful owner.

If the Bureau regards the presumption as rebuttable, one might expect at least one of its letters to say this to the Zelmans in plain language and, further, to tell them what process (a review board, a court) is available to get a decision on the factual issue. If instead the Bureau thinks that the regulation creates an irrebuttable presumption--a kind of mini-statute of limitations--then it ought to have said so plainly to the Zelmans. To leave the matter in a state of confusion is not an attractive posture for an agency that must face this very issue with some frequency.

The government is a huge body employing millions of people, and needs to use regulations, routines and form letters. It is also right that its servants should be chary about claims against the Treasury, claims that are often ill-founded and sometimes dishonest. But it is not too much to ask that the Bureau of the Public Debt give a plain statement of its position--and even useful directions--to those citizens who have lent the government money, seek repayment, and have very little idea how to navigate through the forest of rules and procedures.

III.

The Zelmans' filings, both in the district court and in this court, argue variously that case law supports equitable relief; that it is a violation of the due process clause to apply regulation Sec. 315.29(b)...