Southern California Plastics, Inc., In re

Decision Date20 January 1999
Docket NumberNo. 97-55874,97-55874
Citation165 F.3d 1243
Parties, Bankr. L. Rep. P 77,883, 99 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 530, 99 Daily Journal D.A.R. 635, 3 Cal. Bankr. Ct. Rep. 32 In re: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PLASTICS, INC., Debtor. Lawrence A. Diamant, Chapter 7 Trustee, Appellant, v. Vartan Kasparian, Appellee.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Damon G. Saltzburg, Saltzburg, Ray & Bergman, Los Angeles, California, for the Appellant.

John J. Jamgotchian, Woodland Hills, California, for the Appellee.

Appeal from the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit; McKeag, Meyers & Jones, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding. B.A.P. No. CC-96-01647-McMeJ.

Before: D.W. NELSON, PAMELA ANN RYMER, and T.G. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

D.W. NELSON, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Lawrence A. Diamant ("Trustee") appeals the decision of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel concluding that Vartan Kasparian's allowed claim is secure. Kasparian obtained a prejudgment attachment lien against the debtor's property pursuant to California Civil Procedure Code § 488.500. Before Kasparian could proceed to judgment, the debtor filed for bankruptcy protection. The bankruptcy court allowed Kasparian's claim as secured, and the BAP affirmed. The Trustee argues that Kasparian's claim is unsecured because (1) the attachment lien was unperfected because an allowance of a claim, in contrast to a judgment, cannot perfect an attachment lien and (2) Kasparian cannot perfect the lien because the underlying state court action is closed. We reverse and remand.

Facts and Procedural History

In 1991, Kasparian and the debtor entered into a written contract for Kasparian to purchase particular products and equipment. See Diamant v. Kasparian (In re Southern Cal. Plastics, Inc.), 208 B.R. 178, 179 (9th Cir.BAP 1997). Despite Kasparian paying part of the purchase price, the debtor did not deliver the items. See id. Kasparian filed an action against the debtor and its principals in state court on November 22, 1991. See id. Kasparian obtained a prejudgment writ of attachment against the debtor on February 13, 1992, and filed a notice of attachment with the California Secretary of State creating an attachment lien on February 27, 1992. See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 488.500; Kasparian, 208 B.R. at 179. After the debtor filed a voluntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy case on August 7, 1992, Kasparian proceeded to judgment in the state court action against one of the debtor's principals and a nonsuit was filed against Kasparian as to the other principal. See id.

Kasparian filed a timely proof of claim in the bankruptcy case; his claim included a secured $27,870 claim based on the attachment lien and an unsecured $100,000 claim. See id. at 180. The bankruptcy court disallowed the entire claim on July 5, 1995. See id. The bankruptcy court then granted Kasparian's motion for reconsideration and scheduled an evidentiary hearing. The parties agreed through a Joint Pretrial Order that the only issues were "whether the Debtor owed $127,870 to Kasparian; whether Kasparian was a secured or unsecured creditor; and certain evidentiary/estoppel questions." Id. The pretrial order also stipulated that the underlying state court action was closed. Kasparian withdrew the unsecured $100,000 claim and the Trustee stipulated to allow the $27,870 claim, reserving the question of whether it was secured. See id. After the evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court held that Kasparian's claim had expired pursuant to California Civil Procedure Code § 488.510. See id.

After Kasparian filed a second motion for reconsideration, the bankruptcy court determined that 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) tolled the prejudgment attachment lien's automatic expiration and that the lien therefore had not expired. See id. The bankruptcy court further determined that the lien's secured status did not depend on whether Kasparian could proceed with the state court action. See id. The Trustee appealed to the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel. See id.

The BAP affirmed. See id. It held that: (1) 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) applied to extend the life of the lien, see id. at 180-81; (2) in the bankruptcy context, an attachment lien creditor need not obtain a judgment to perfect its lien because obtaining an allowance of claim is sufficient, see id. at 181-82; and (3) the closing of the state court action, whatever that entailed, was a moot issue in light of the holding that the allowance of the claim perfected the lien, see id. at 182-83. The Trustee timely appeals.

Standard of Review

This Court independently reviews the bankruptcy court's rulings on appeal from the BAP. See Weisberg v. Shearson Lehman Bros., Inc. (In re Weisberg ), 136 F.3d 655, 657 (9th Cir.1998), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 119 S.Ct. 72, 142 L.Ed.2d 56 (1998). We review the bankruptcy court's legal conclusions de novo and findings of fact for clear error. See Trust Corp. of Mont. v. Patterson (In re Copper King Inn, Inc.), 918 F.2d 1404, 1406 (9th Cir.1990).

Discussion

This case presents us with the question of whether an allowance of a claim is an acceptable alternative method, in the bankruptcy context, for perfection of an attachment lien. If it is not, we must decide whether the Trustee's asserted closure of the underlying state court action in this case prevents perfection of the lien.

I

Under California law, certain creditors may obtain a prejudgment writ of attachment against property of the debtor by establishing the probable validity of their claims. See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code §§ 484.090, 485.220, 486.020. An attachment lien is created when the creditor files a notice of attachment or otherwise levies on the property. See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 488.500(a). This lien has priority over subsequent liens. See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 488.500(b). Unlike the holder of a security interest, however, the attachment creditor has no right to proceed against the property until after the creditor obtains a judgment. See Arcturus Mfg. Corp. v. Superior Court, 223 Cal.App.2d 187, 35 Cal. Rptr. 502, 505 (1964). "The attaching creditor obtains only a potential right or a contingent lien," Puissegur v. Yarbrough, 29 Cal.2d 409, 175 P.2d 830, 831 (1946), which is perfected or converted to a judgment lien upon judgment for the creditor, Arcturus, 35 Cal.Rptr. at 505; cf. Cal. Prob.Code § 9304 (describing the procedure for converting an attachment lien into a judgment lien in the context of a probate action). The priority of the judgment lien relates back to the date of the attachment lien. Thus, an attachment lien acts as a placemarker, ensuring the creditor's spot in the priority line until the creditor can obtain judgment.

The inchoate nature of an attachment lien, however, does not make it vulnerable to a trustee's strong arm powers. In Wind Power Sys. v. Cannon Fin. Group, Inc. (In re Wind Power Sys.), 841 F.2d 288 (9th Cir.1988), we held that a trustee could not avoid an attachment lien though it was not perfected by judgment. Typically, a trustee, acting as a hypothetical lien creditor pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 544, may avoid an unperfected security interest. See id. at 292. An attachment lien, however, differs from an unperfected interest; assuming that the attachment creditor reduces its claim to judgment, the lien cannot be defeated by a judicial creditor whose lien arose after the attachment. See id. at 292-93. Despite the uncertainty as to whether the attachment creditor will in fact obtain a judgment, allowing the trustee to avoid an attachment lien would "overturn a strong line of cases in this court allowing prepreference lien creditors to proceed to judgment." Id. And it would provide an "incentive for strategic bankruptcy filings which distort rights among creditors from what they would be outside bankruptcy proceedings." Id.

In Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Jenson (In re Jenson ), 980 F.2d 1254 (9th Cir.1992), we held that the bankruptcy court may allow a prejudgment attachment lien as a secured claim when the bankruptcy court has entered judgment on the underlying deficiency claim. Before the debtor's filing in that case, the FDIC instigated a deficiency action in district court and obtained an attachment lien against the debtor's assets. See id. at 1255. Before the FDIC could obtain a judgment, the debtor petitioned for bankruptcy protection. See id. at 1256. The deficiency action was then referred to the bankruptcy court, and the bankruptcy court consolidated it with the debtor's objection to the FDIC's claim and the debtor's adversary action to avoid the attachment lien. See id. The bankruptcy court entered judgment for the FDIC in the deficiency action, and then later allowed the claim as secured, and directed payment pursuant to the attachment.

The debtor appealed and argued that an attachment lien unperfected by judgment before the petition date is insufficient to give rise to a secured claim. We held that this argument was foreclosed by Wind Power. See id. at 1258. We reasoned that the Wind Power court had "indicated that we would permit the attachment creditor to proceed to judgment in the underlying action and held that if the creditor prevailed, its perfection would relate back to the issuance of the writ of attachment." Id. Because the FDIC had obtained a judgment, the perfection of the attachment lien related back to the date the writ of attachment was issued. See id. at 1258-59. The bankruptcy court was therefore correct in allowing the FDIC's claim as secured. See id. at 1259.

The bankruptcy court in this case allowed Kasparian's claim as secured without deciding whether he needed to perfect the attachment lien. Other courts have avoided the issue by holding that once a prejudgment attachment lien is recorded, it is perfected and the creditor has a secured claim. See In re Giordano, 188 B.R. 84, 87-89 (D.R.I.1995); Quadrel Leasing De Puerto Rico, Inc. v. Carlos A. Rivera, Inc. (In re Carlos A. Rivera, Inc.),...

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