City of Birmingham v. Monk, 13158.

Citation185 F.2d 859
Decision Date25 January 1951
Docket NumberNo. 13158.,13158.
PartiesCITY OF BIRMINGHAM et al. v. MONK et al.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

Horace C. Wilkinson, Special Counsel for City of Birmingham, Thomas E. Huey, Jr., Asst. City Atty., Birmingham, Ala., for appellants.

Thurgood Marshall, New York City, Arthur D. Shores, Peter A. Hall, and David H. Hood, Jr., all of Birmingham, Ala., for appellees.

Before McCORD, BORAH, and RUSSELL, Circuit Judges.

BORAH, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a final judgment in an action brought by Mary Means Monk and several other Negro citizens of the United States, residents of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, in their own behalf and in behalf of other Negroes similarly situated, against the City of Birmingham, James W. Morgan, a city commissioner, and H. E. Hagood, city building inspector, praying for a declaratory judgment that certain zoning laws of the City are unconstitutional and void as violative of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for an injunction against defendants forever restraining and enjoining them from enforcing said ordinances.

The complaint alleges that plaintiffs own certain real property located in the City of Birmingham which is subject to the provisions of Sections 1604 and 1605 of the General City Code of Birmingham, 1944, and supplementary ordinance No. 709-F. Sections 1604 and 1605 are a part of the basic zoning law of the City. With some minor exceptions, not here important, they make it unlawful for a Negro to occupy property for residential purposes in an area zoned A-1 or white residential, or for a white person to occupy property for residential purposes in an area zoned B-1 or Negro residential. Ordinance No. 709-F, Section 3, provides: "That it shall be a misdemeanor for a member of the colored race to move into, for the purpose of establishing a permanent residence, or having moved into, to continue to reside in an area in the City of Birmingham generally and historically recognized at the time as an area for occupancy by members of the white race." These provisions of the ordinances are assailed on the ground that they deny to plaintiffs and others similarly situated the right to occupy, enjoy and dispose of their property solely because of their race and color in violation of the rights guaranteed to plaintiffs by the Fourteenth Amendment and Sections 41 and 42 of Title 8, United States Code Annotated. And the relief prayed for is that the court enjoin the enforcement of the challenged Sections 1604 and 1605 of the City Code and Ordinance No. 709-F and render judgment declaring said ordinances unconstitutional, null and void. The answer of defendants denies that plaintiffs are prevented from occupying their property solely because of their race or color and sets up that the classification of certain areas in the City of Birmingham in its zoning ordinances as white resident sections and Negro resident sections "is based and justified in part upon the difference between the white and Negro races and not solely upon race and color," and denies that the ordinances are unconstitutional and invalid. The defendants further aver that the zoning ordinances are a valid and legal exercise of the police power of the City of Birmingham which by specific statutory enactment is commensurate with the police power of the State of Alabama and is a power that is inalienable and cannot be surrendered by the City of Birmingham, Alabama, or by the State of Alabama.

The case was tried before the Court without a jury and thereafter the judge made findings of fact and conclusions of law unfavorable to defendants, and on December 16, 1949, entered a decree declaring the ordinances unconstitutional and void, and enjoining their enforcement.

The trial court found that plaintiffs are the owners of the real estate described in their complaint and that each of them purchased their property for the purpose of occupying it as a residence; that these properties are affected by and subject to the provisions of the ordinances in question and are located in sections of the City which are, by virtue of the zoning ordinances, reserved exclusively for occupation by white persons; that neither the plaintiffs nor other members of the Negro race will be permitted to occupy said property for dwelling purposes solely because they are Negroes; that none of the plaintiffs will be permitted by the City to construct residences on their property to be occupied by them or any member of the Negro race because the City will not issue building permits solely because the ordinances in question limit the occupancy of such properties to members of the white race; that it is the established and universal custom of the City officials to deny building permits to construct residences for Negro occupancy in districts zoned for white occupancy; and that if dwellings were erected on the properties, the plaintiffs or other Negroes could not occupy them without becoming subject, under the provisions of the ordinances, to criminal prosecution, fine and imprisonment, solely on account of the fact that they are members of the Negro race. These findings are fully supported by the evidence and are not challenged on this appeal.

Appellants are here insisting that the judgment should be reversed and that the trial court erred in excluding certain evidence. These are the only errors assigned.

The important question presented by this appeal is whether or not the zoning laws and supplemental ordinance in question constitute a legitimate exercise of the police power of the State, as claimed by appellants, or are unconstitutional and void as violative of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as contended by appellees.

The property rights of plaintiffs are here directly involved. The rights created by the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment are, by its terms, guaranteed to the individual. The rights established are personal rights.1 One of the basic objectives sought to be effectuated by the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment was freedom from discrimination by the States and their municipalities in the enjoyment of property rights. The Fourteenth Amendment prevents State interference with property rights save by due process of law and "property is more than the mere thing which a person owns," it includes the right to use, acquire and dispose of it and more specifically the right to residential occupancy for lawful purposes without discriminatory restriction. It is true, as urged by appellants, that the State and its municipalities in the exercise of those police powers that were reserved at the time of the adoption of the Constitution has wide discretion in determining its own public policy and what means are necessary for its own protection and properly to promote the safety, peace, public health, convenience and good order of its people. But it is equally true that the police power, however broad and extensive, is not above the Constitution. When it speaks its voice must be heeded and it is the obligation of this court so to declare. But we need not labor the point for the precise question presented here is foreclosed by the decisions of the courts, both Federal and State. Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60, 38 S.Ct. 16, 62 L.Ed. 149; Tyler v. Harmon, 158 La. 439, 104 So. 200; Id., 273 U. S. 668, 47 S.Ct. 471, 71 L.Ed. 831; City of Richmond v. Dean, 4 Cir., 37 F.2d 712; affirmed 281 U.S. 704, 50 S.Ct. 407, 74 L.Ed. 1128; Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 11, 68 S.Ct. 836, 92 L.Ed. 1161; and the Courts of Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia have also declared similar statutes invalid as being in contravention of the Fourteenth...

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20 cases
  • Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
    • United States
    • Alabama Court of Appeals
    • November 2, 1965
    ...unfettered. The limitation upon individual liberty must have appropriate relation to the safety of the state. * * *'8 City of Birmingham v. Monk, 5 Cir., 185 F.2d 859 (B'ham. zoning ordinance); Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60, 38 S.Ct. 16, 62 L.Ed. 149 (1917) (Louisville, Ky., ordinance); H......
  • Kirkland v. Wallace
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)
    • October 22, 1968
    ...1925, 268 U.S. 510, 45 S.Ct. 571, 69 L.Ed. 1070, 39 A.L.R. 468; Monk v. City of Birmingham, N.D. Ala.1949, 87 F.Supp. 538, aff'd, 5th Cir. 1950, 185 F.2d 859. 5 See, e.g., Ashton v. Kentucky, 1966, 384 U.S. 195, 86 S.Ct. 1407, 16 L.Ed.2d 469; Dombrowski v. Pfister, 1965, 380 U.S. 479, 85 S.......
  • Roberts v. City of Geneva, CIV. A. 99-D-638-N.
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Middle District of Alabama
    • September 7, 2000
    ...safety of its people. However, it is well established that the City's police power is not above the Constitution. See Birmingham v. Monk, 185 F.2d 859 (5th Cir.1950) (citing a multitude of state and federal cases which have held actions or policies pursuant to police powers invalid when the......
  • Browder v. Gayle
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Middle District of Alabama
    • June 5, 1956
    ...328 U.S. 373, 380, 66 S.Ct. 1050, 90 L.Ed. 1317; Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60, 74, 38 S.Ct. 16, 62 L. Ed. 149; City of Birmingham v. Monk, 5 Cir., 185 F.2d 859, 862. 1 Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Kentucky, 1900, 179 U.S. 388, 21 S.Ct. 101, 45 L.Ed. 244; Chiles v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. C......
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2 books & journal articles
  • Policing the Polity.
    • United States
    • Yale Law Journal Vol. 131 No. 6, April 2022
    • April 1, 2022
    ...v. City of Farmers Branch, 726 F.3d 524, 539 (5th Cir. 2013) (Reavley, J., concurring). (208.) Id. (quoting City of Birmingham v. Monk, 185 F.2d 859, 861-62 (5th Cir. (209.) 465 F. Supp. 2d 1043, 1053 (S.D. Cal. 2006). (210.) Taylor et al, supra note 17, at 6 ("Overall, at least 9 million p......
  • Fair Housing Past, Present, and Future: Perspectives on Moving Toward Integration.
    • United States
    • Case Western Reserve Law Review Vol. 70 No. 3, March 2020
    • March 22, 2020
    ...cities from enacting race-based zoning ordinances, although courts invalidated those measures. See, e.g., Monk v. City of Birmingham, 185 F.2d 859 (5th Cir. 1950); City of Richmond v. Deans, 37 F.2d 712 (4th Cir.), aff'd per curiam, 281 U.S. 704 (1930); Land Dev. Co. of La. v. City of New O......

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