Pine River Logging Improvement Company v. United States

• Decision Date: 02 June 1902
• Docket Number: No. 250,250
• Citation: 46 L.Ed. 1164,22 S.Ct. 920,186 U.S. 279
• Parties: PINE RIVER LOGGING & IMPROVEMENT COMPANY et al., Plffs. in Err. , v. UNITED STATES
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

186 U.S. 279

22 S.Ct. 920

46 L.Ed. 1164

PINE RIVER LOGGING & IMPROVEMENT COMPANY et al., Plffs. in Err.,

v UNITED STATES.

No. 250.

Argued May 1, 2, 1902.

Decided June 2, 1902.

This was an action in the nature of trover begun in the circuit court for the district of Minnesota by the United States against the Pine River Logging & Improvement Company, a corporation (hereinafter called the logging company), Joel B. Bassett, and William L. Bassett, copartners under the name of J. B. Bassett & Co., and John L. Pillsbury (for whom his administrators have since been substituted) and Charles A. Smith, copartners as C. A. Smith & Co., defendants, to recover damages for an alleged wrongful entry by the defendants upon an Indian reservation, and the cutting and removing of certain pine timber thereon.

The complaint, which contains nine counts, charges, in substance, that nine different parties did, with the consent and at the request of defendants, wrongfully enter upon certain lands of the United States known as the Mississippi Indian reservation, and at the special instance and request of the defendants fell and cut into logs certain pine trees, which they delivered to the defendants, who thereupon caused the logs to be floated down the river to the city of Minneapolis, to be there manufactured into lumber, which they had subsequently sold and appropriated the proceeds thereof to their own use.

The answers filed by the defendants, the logging company, and the Bassetts allege in substance the following facts: That the logs referred to were cut under and by virtue of certain contracts which had been entered into with individual Chippewa Indians for the cutting of dead and down timber found on the reservation; that said contracts had been executed in pursuance of an act of Congress, approved February 16, 1889 (25 Stat. at L. 673, chap. 172), in relation to the cutting of timber on Indian lands; that payment for the logs so cut and removed had been made in full to the United States, and to the proper Indian agent, in accordance with the provisions of said contracts; that said logs were so cut by the Indians and delivered to and accepted by the defendants in good faith, in the honest belief that said logs had been lawfully cut under their contracts from dead and down timber, and that defendants were entitled to the same and became owners thereof upon the delivery of the logs and upon making the aforesaid payments; that after the logs had been delivered to the defendants and before they were floated down the river to Minneapolis the United States, through its proper officer, had seized and taken possession of the logs, claiming that they were cut from green and growing timber, and not from dead or down timber; that thereafter, for the purpose of preserving said logs and realizing their full value for the party who should ultimately be determined to be the owner, a contract was entered into between the United States on the one hand and the logging company and J. B. Bassett on the other, which provided, in substance, that the defendants might drive the logs to Minneapolis without offecting the possession of the United States or the interest of any of the parties in the logs, and that after they had been driven to Minneapolis the defendants executed and delivered to the plaintiff a bond conditioned to pay any judgment that might be rendered against the defendants by the United States on account of the cutting of their logs. One of these bonds was executed by the logging com- pany as principal, and the other by the firm of J. B. Bassett & Co. It was next set up in the answer of the logging company that the United States had accepted the bond in lieu of the logs, and that, relying upon said acts of the complainant, the logging company had disposed of the logs to others. It was then again specifically set up in the answer, as to the 4th, 7th and 8th counts of the complaint, that the claim of the United States was solely against J. B. Bassett & Co., and not against the logging company; that the claim set up in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 5th, and 6th counts was solely against the logging company, and that there was therefore a misjoinder of causes of action in improperly uniting in one complaint causes affecting solely the logging company and other causes of action affecting solely the firm of J. B. Bassett & Co.

A separate answer was filed by the firm of C. A. Smith & Co., who admitted receiving from the logging company a certain amount of the pine saw logs described in the complaint, and that they manufactured the same into lumber, and disposed of it in the ordinary course of their business; that the amount of the lumber so manufactured was 15,628 feet, and that the value of the same was not greater than the sum of $132.84; that the defendants in receiving and manufacturing said logs honestly believed that the logging company was the owner and entitled to dispose of them. They also pleaded a misjoinder and nonliability for the acts of the other defendants.

The answer of the logging company admitted, in substance, that, under and by virtue of the three contracts between itself and the Indians, it had received into its possession, converted into lumber, and ultimately sold pine saw logs, cut upon Indian reservations, which had yielded in the aggregate 13,463,400 feet. The defendants, J. B. Bassett & Co., likewise admitted that under two contracts with the Indians they had received saw logs which had yielded in the aggregate 4,136,860 feet of lumber.

The United States demurred to parts of these answers, and replied to other parts, admitting that the logging company and Bassett & Co. had each entered into contracts with certain Indians, but averred that all the logs cut under some of the contracts and a large portion of the logs cut under other contracts were cut from pine trees that were alive and standing, while the contracts authorized only the cutting of dead and down timber.

The case being at issue upon these pleadings, the logging company and Bassett & Co. moved for a judgment against the government upon the pleadings for the sole reason, as stated in the motion, that on the facts admitted the plaintiff was not entitled to maintain an action of trover or conversion against these defendants, or either of them, for the matters and things set out in said cause of action; but that the remedy of the government was upon the bonds given when the logs were surrendered to the defendants. This motion was sustained by the circuit court, and a judgment entered against the United States, which, however, was reversed by the court of appeals, holding that neither of the bonds became available to the United States until a judgment had been obtained in its favor. The case was remanded for a new trial. 24 C. C. A. 101, 49 U. S. App. 24, 78 Fed. 319.

Upon the case being sent back to the circuit court there was a second trial, which also resulted in a judgment in favor of the defendants. The court of appeals reversed this judgment upon exceptions taken by the United States at the trial. 32 C. C. A. 406, 61 U. S. App. 69, 89 Fed. 907.

A third trial of the case resulted in a verdict, by direction of the court, in favor of the United States for $88,269.94. This judgment was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals. Whereupon a writ of error was sued out from this court.

Mr. A. S. Worthington for plaintiffs in error.

Messrs. John E. Stryker, Robert A. Howard, and Solicitor General Richards for defendant in error.

Mr. Justice Brown delivered the opinion of the court:

This case was tried before a jury upon the theory that the defendants went far beyond the terms of their contracts with the Indians, and cut, not only a large excess in quantity, but selected a quality of timber wholly unauthorized by the contracts, or by the acts of Congress, or the regulations of the President in connection therewith. The questions to be considered arise upon objections to the testimony and the instruction of the court to the jury to return a verdict for the plaintiffs.

It is conceded that the fee to the lands comprised within Indian reservations is in the United States, subject to a right of occupancy on the part of the Indians, and that the unauthorized cutting of timber upon Indian reservations is not only unlawful (United Stales v. Cook, 19 Wall. 591, 22 L. ed. 210; Northern P. R. Co. v. Lewis, 162 U. S. 366, 40 L. ed. 1002, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 831), but is made a criminal offense by the act of June 4, 1888. 25 Stat. at L. 166, chap. 340. But by an act of Congress passed February 16, 1889 (25 Stat. at L. 673, chap. 172), it is provided: 'That the President of the United States may from year to year, in his discretion, under such regulations as he may prescribe, authorize the Indians residing on reservations or atlotments, the fee to which remains in the United States, to fell, cut, remove, sell, or otherwise dispose of the dead timber standing or fallen, on such reservation or allotment, for the sole benefit of such Indian or Indians. But whenever there is reasonable cause to believe that such timber has been killed, burned, girdled, or otherwise injured for the purpose of securing its sale under this act, then in that case such authority shall not be granted.'

It will be observed that by this statute no general authority is given to Indians to cut timber upon their reservations. The act contemplates that the authority shall be temporary only, 'from year to year,' and it is further limited to 'dead timber standing or fallen,' and that it shall be disposed of solely for the benefit of the Indian or Indians to whom the authority is given.

Pursuant to this act certain regulations were prepared by the Secretary of the Interior, approved by the President, and extended to the Indians of the Chippewa reservation in the state of Minnesota. These regulations provided that each Indian who engaged in the work should provide his own logging outfit and supplies; that no...