Nelson v. McMullen, 98-6454

• Citation: 207 F.3d 1202
• Decision Date: 23 March 2000
• Docket Number: No. 98-6454,98-6454
• Parties: (10th Cir. 2000) DOROTHY J. NELSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HELEN McMULLEN, individually and in her capacity as a Police Officer; PAUL RATZLAFF, individually and in his capacity as a Police Officer, Defendants-Appellees
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit)

Page 1202

207 F.3d 1202 (10th Cir. 2000)

DOROTHY J. NELSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HELEN McMULLEN, individually and in her capacity as a Police Officer; PAUL RATZLAFF, individually and in his capacity as a Police Officer, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 98-6454

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS TENTH CIRCUIT

March 23, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. D.C. No. 98-CV-285

Brian M. Dell of Brian M. Dell, P.C., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Margaret McMorrow-Love, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before BRORBY, McWILLIAMS and HENRY, Circuit Judges.

BRORBY, Circuit Judge.

This case presents a bizarre and unique set of circumstances. What began as a routine traffic stop for a speeding violation ended some ten to fifteen minutes later with the female driver of the speeding vehicle proving she was not the person wanted on an outstanding felony warrant, by exposing her breasts to police officers on the shoulder of a city street in Chickasha, Oklahoma. The driver sued the police officers pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Granting the police officers' summary judgment motion, the district court found the officers enjoyed qualified immunity from the driver's claims. While we are dumbstruck at the officers' inability to better control the events surrounding this stop in order to avoid the resultant public exposure, we exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

BACKGROUND

At approximately 2:30 p.m. on Saturday, January 3, 1998, Helen McMullen, a police officer with the Chickasha Police Department, stopped Dorothy J. Nelson for speeding.¹ Ms. Nelson's twin nine-year-old sons were passengers in her vehicle. Officer McMullen approached Ms. Nelson's vehicle, explained the reason for the stop, collected Ms. Nelson's driver's license and insurance information, and went back to her police car to run a check on the license. While the driver's license came back valid, the dispatcher notified Officer McMullen a person with the same name, date of birth, and general description as Ms. Nelson was wanted on a felony warrant in Ohio.² In addition, the suspect with the outstanding warrant had a tattoo on her chest. Hearing this report on the radio, Officer Paul Ratzlaff responded to the scene of the traffic stop to provide back-up to Officer McMullen. In the meantime, Officer McMullen returned to Ms. Nelson's vehicle, told Ms. Nelson they needed to discuss a matter, and asked Ms. Nelson to step out of her car. Officer Ratzlaff arrived while Ms. Nelson was exiting her vehicle.³

Ms. Nelson got out of her vehicle and followed Officer McMullen to an area behind Ms. Nelson's vehicle and in front of Officer McMullen's police car. Officer McMullen explained the existence of the outstanding warrant in Ohio to Ms. Nelson. In response to several questions, Ms. Nelson told the officer she had not been in trouble, she did not have any outstanding warrants in her name, and she had not been to Ohio. Finally, Officer McMullen stated there was one way to be sure Ms. Nelson was not the person wanted in Ohio and asked Ms. Nelson if she had any tattoos.

When Ms. Nelson replied she did not have a tattoo, the officer explained the person wanted in Ohio did have a tattoo on her breast, and again asked if Ms. Nelson had a tattoo. At one point, Officer Ratzlaff also asked whether Ms. Nelson was sure she did not have a tattoo. When Ms Nelson reiterated she did not have a tattoo, Officer McMullen stated, "I can take you down to the station," or "I'll take you downtown." Ms. Nelson adamantly refused to go to the police station, telling the officers she would not go "downtown" because she had done nothing wrong. Ms. Nelson stated in her deposition she was also concerned about her children, and what would happen to them if she accompanied the officers to the police station. When Ms. Nelson made it clear she did not wish to accompany the officers to the police station, Officer McMullen began insisting she would need to see Ms. Nelson's chest in order to confirm Ms. Nelson did not have a tattoo.

Ms. Nelson characterized Officer McMullen's requests as "demands" to see her breasts "right then and there," but she also admitted Officer McMullen never asked her to pull her shirt down. Instead, Officer McMullen limited her "demands" to stating, "I need to see." In addition, Ms. Nelson described the tone used by Officer McMullen as "firm," and stated "she kind of put her hand like on her hip or gun or something or baton. I don't know what was on and demanded right then."⁴ After the officer took what Ms. Nelson perceived as a more insistent tone, Ms. Nelson grabbed the collar of her oversized tee shirt and pulled her shirt and bra down far enough to expose her breasts, including her nipples, to both officers. Ms. Nelson did not have a tattoo on her breasts. Officer McMullen radioed as much to her dispatcher and proceeded to write Ms. Nelson a citation for speeding. Officer Ratzlaff left the scene. Ms. Nelson guessed she was outside her vehicle for five to ten minutes.

Ms. Nelson sued Officer McMullen and Officer Ratzlaff individually pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging the officers violated her constitutional right, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, to be free from an unreasonable search.⁵ Officers McMullen and Ratzlaff moved for summary judgment, claiming Ms. Nelson could not establish a constitutional deprivation, and therefore the officers were entitled to qualified immunity. The district court balanced the need for the search against Ms. Nelson's privacy interest, found the officers did not violate Ms. Nelson's Fourth Amendment rights because Ms. Nelson chose the time, place, and manner of the exposure, and granted the motion for summary judgment. This timely appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the district court's grant of qualified immunity on summary judgment de novo. Pallottino v. City of Rio Rancho, 31 F.3d 1023, 1026 (10th Cir. 1994). "'Under the summary judgment standard, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.'" Romero, 45 F.3d at 1475 (quoting Bisbee v. Bey, 39 F.3d 1096, 1100 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1142 (1995)). "However, '[w]e review summary judgment decisions involving a qualified immunity defense somewhat differently than other summary judgment rulings.'" Id. (quoting Hannula v. City of Lakewood, 907 F.2d 129, 130 (10th Cir. 1990)). This difference arises from the unique nature of qualified immunity, which is designed to protect public officials from spending inordinate time and money defending erroneous suits at trial. See Albright v. Rodriguez, 51 F.3d 1531, 1534 (10th Cir. 1995). Qualified immunity is more than a defense to liability it acts as an immunity to suit, therefore, "the Supreme Court has repeatedly 'stressed the importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation.'" Id. (quoting Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227 (1991)).

When a defendant raises the qualified immunity defense on summary judgment, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to meet a strict two-part test. "First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant's actions violated a constitutional or statutory right. Second, the plaintiff must show that the constitutional or statutory rights the defendant allegedly violated were clearly established at the time of the conduct at issue." Id. at 1534-35 (citations omitted). If, and only if, the plaintiff meets this two-part test does a defendant then bear the traditional burden of the movant for summary judgment showing "that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. at 1535 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

DISCUSSION

The district court did not reach the traditional summary judgment analysis because it found Ms. Nelson failed to meet the first prong of the qualified immunity test: Ms. Nelson did not demonstrate Officers McMullen and Ratzlaff violated her Fourth Amendment rights. We agree.

The Fourth Amendment provides citizens the right to be free from unreasonable government searches. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 558 (1979). "Of course, the specific content and incidents of this right must be shaped by the context in which it is asserted. For what the Constitution forbids is not all searches and seizures, but unreasonable searches and seizures." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 9 (1968) (quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the crux of this case necessarily becomes an analysis of the reasonableness of the search conducted on Ms. Nelson.

We employ a familiar balancing test in order to determine whether a search was reasonable:

The test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application. In each case it requires a balancing of the need for the particular search against the invasion of personal rights that the search entails. Courts must consider the scope of the particular intrusion, the manner in which it is conducted, the justification for initiating it, and the place in which it is conducted.

Bell, 441 U.S. at 559. See also Cottrell v. Kaysville City, 994 F.2d 730, 734 (10th Cir. 1993); Chapman v. Nichols, 989 F.2d 393, 395 (10th Cir. 1993). This test is fact-specific, "measured in objective terms by examining the totality of the circumstances." Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 39 (1996).

We start from the irrefutable premise "that a strip search is an invasion of personal rights of the first magnitude." Chapman, 989 F.2d at 395. Undoubtedly, there are searches more intrusive than the exposure of one's breast in a public place, but we are hard-pressed to think of more than a few. Clearly, this must have been a humiliating experience for Ms. Nelson. On the other side of the equation, the government interest in confirming Ms. Nelson was not the suspect wanted on the...