Franklin v. Hightower, No. 98-6684

• Decision Date: 19 June 2000
• Docket Number: No. 98-6684
• Citation: 215 F.3d 1196
• Parties: (11th Cir. 2000) Larry FRANKLIN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Roy HIGHTOWER, Warden, Bill Pryor, The Attorney General of the State of Alabama, Respondents-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1196

215 F.3d 1196 (11th Cir. 2000)

Larry FRANKLIN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Roy HIGHTOWER, Warden, Bill Pryor, The Attorney General of the State of Alabama, Respondents-Appellees.

No. 98-6684.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

June 19, 2000.

[Copyrighted Material Omitted] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama.(No. 96-00113-CIV-C-S), Ira De Ment, Judge.

Before COX and HULL, Circuit Judges, and GEORGE^*, Senior District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Larry Franklin appeals the district court's denial of his petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We affirm.

In 1982, an Alabama circuit court convicted Franklin, on pleas of guilty, of three counts of third-degree burglary. Franklin served his sentence without any collateral attack on his convictions. In 1993, a jury found Franklin guilty of first-degree robbery, and the circuit court sentenced Franklin to life without parole under Alabama's Felony Habitual Offender Act. Franklin then filed a petition under Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 challenging his 1982 convictions on the grounds that neither the court nor his counsel advised him of the rights he was waiving by pleading guilty, thus violating his right to due process under Boykin v. Alabama¹ and depriving him of effective assistance of counsel. The circuit court denied the petitions as barred by Rule 32's two-year statute of limitations. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed for the same reason.

Franklin then filed this § 2254 petition. The petition asserted three challenges to the 1982 convictions: (1) the circuit court violated Franklin's due-process rights by permitting him to plead guilty without being informed of the charges against him;² (2) the indictment was void because it was not signed by the grand jury foreperson, and the circuit court therefore lacked jurisdiction; and (3) his counsel was ineffective for failing to address these irregularities. While this petition was pending, Franklin filed another Rule 32 petition in an Alabama circuit court to assert his claim that the indictment was void under Alabama law. The district court stayed this proceeding while the state courts addressed the second Rule 32 petition. The circuit court refused to permit in forma pauperis filing, and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed because the second petition was time-barred, like the first. The district court then resumed the proceedings and, on recommendation from the magistrate judge, denied the petition on the grounds that the claims were procedurally defaulted, and that Franklin had failed to show either cause and prejudice or actual innocence to excuse his default.

In 1998, Franklin sought a certificate of probable cause to appeal (CPC), which the district court denied and this court granted. At the time, it was proper procedure in this circuit to apply the CPC rules developed under the old version of 28 U.S.C. § 2253 to all petitions (like Franklin's) filed before the April 1996 effective date of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), regardless of when the petitioner sought to appeal. See Tompkins v. Moore, 193 F.3d 1327, 1330 (11th Cir.1999). Since this court granted Franklin a CPC, however, the Supreme Court has decided that the AEDPA amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 2253 govern all appeals perfected after AEDPA's effective date, regardless of the petition filing date. See Slack v. McDaniel, --- U.S. ----, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 1600, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (2000).

As this court has explained before, AEDPA amended 28 U.S.C § 2253 to relabel the order a "certificate of appealability" (COA) and to add a statutory standard for its issuance. See Henry v. Department of Corrections, 197 F.3d 1361, 1363-64 (11th Cir.1999) (describing statutory history). Two important differences between a CPC and a COA cast doubt on the validity of the current CPC to permit Franklin's appeal to proceed. First, unlike a CPC, a COA "shall indicate which specific issue or issues" show "the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)-(3); see Tompkins, 193 F.3d at 1330 (noting that CPC did not necessarily specify issues). Second, to grant a COA on a procedural question-as would be appropriate here, since the district court denied Franklin's petition on procedural grounds-we must evaluate not only the merit of the procedural arguments, but also the merit of the underlying claims. If "jurists of reason" would not find it debatable both whether "the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right" and whether "the district court was correct in its procedural ruling," then we may not grant a COA on a procedural issue. See Slack, 120 S.Ct. at 1600-01.

While these differences matter, the grant of a CPC rather than a COA here is not fatal to the appeal. By applying AEDPA's standards to this appeal and issuing a proper COA (if warranted), this panel may "fix" the inadequacies of the present CPC. The CPC was issued by a single judge, and as a panel we may revisit the ruling. See Fed. R.App. P. 27(c); 11th Cir. R. 27-1(g). A past panel has indeed revisited a COA granted by a single judge in order to confirm that it complies with statutory standards. See Henry, 197 F.3d at 1363-64. And the Court in Slack remanded the case in part for the court of appeals to apply the appropriate standard, thus implying that defective leave to appeal neither dooms the appeal nor deprives the appellate courts of jurisdiction. See Slack, 120 S.Ct. at 1607. So we proceed to reevaluate the appeal under Slack.

Franklin's appeal presents two distinct procedural questions. The first is whether Franklin has procedurally defaulted his claim that the 1982 indictment was void because the foreperson of the grand jury did not sign it, and that the circuit court therefore lacked jurisdiction. Because this procedural question is not debatable among jurists of reason, we do not need to evaluate the merit of the claim here. Franklin presented this claim in state courts in a successive petition filed two years after his first state-court petition; he has offered no reason for not including the claim in his first state petition. Rather, he argues that the time-bar relied on by the Alabama courts is not consistently applied-and thus not a procedural bar under federal law³-because the defect in the indictment was jurisdictional, and under Alabama law jurisdiction may be reviewed at any time. This argument is patently meritless because its premise is wrong: the foreperson's failure to sign the indictment is not jurisdictional under Alabama law. See In re Goulden, 292 Ala. 704, 299 So.2d 325, 326 (1974) ("The failure of the foreman of the grand jury to endorse the indictment as a true bill did not deprive the circuit court of jurisdiction...."). There is no reason, therefore, to think that this defect under Alabama law is any less subject to Rule 32's time bar than other claims. This claim is undisputably procedurally defaulted, and Franklin is thus not entitled to a COA for us to consider the question of its procedural default.

The Slack analysis yields a different result, however, for the second procedural question. That question is whether the late filing of Franklin's first Rule 32 petition bars Franklin's claims that he was denied due process because the trial court did not inform him of the charges against him before he pleaded guilty, and that his counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing to object or inform him. Slack 's first prong is satisfied here because at least one of the two claims affected by this procedural question is of debatable merit-indeed, in this case the merits of both of the underlying claims are debatable among jurists of reason. Having no record of the 1982 proceedings, for the moment we take Franklin's allegations as true. If we believe the allegations, the first claim's merit is certainly debatable among jurists of reason: A guilty plea is not voluntary "in a constitutional sense" unless "the defendant received 'real notice of the true nature of the charge against him, the first and most universally recognized requirement of due process.' " Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645, 96 S.Ct. 2253, 2257-58, 49 L.Ed.2d 108 (1976) (quoting Smith v. O'Grady, 312 U.S. 329, 334, 61 S.Ct. 572, 574, 85 L.Ed. 859 (1941)). Reasonable jurists could debate as well whether Franklin's counsel was ineffective for permitting him to enter a guilty plea when he was not properly...