U.S. v. Pollard

• Citation: 215 F.3d 643
• Decision Date: 28 January 2000
• Docket Number: Nos. 98-5908,98-6118,s. 98-5908
• Parties: (6th Cir. 2000) United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jerry Pollard (98-5908) and Eddie Rodriguez (98-6118), Defendants-Appellants. Argued:
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (6th Circuit)

Page 643

215 F.3d 643 (6th Cir. 2000)

United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jerry Pollard (98-5908) and Eddie Rodriguez (98-6118), Defendants-Appellants.

Nos. 98-5908, 98-6118

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

Argued: January 28, 2000

Decided and Filed: June 15, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis; No. 97-20159--Julia S. Gibbons, Chief District Judge. [Copyrighted Material Omitted] Thomas A. Colthurst, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee.

Doris A. Randle-Holt, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE, Memphis, Tennessee

Jeffrey M. Brandt, BRANDT LAW OFFICES, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellants.

Before: JONES, NORRIS, and SILER, Circuit Judges.

SILER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORRIS, J., joined. JONES, J. (pp. 649-50), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

OPINION

SILER, Circuit Judge.

Defendants Jerry Pollard and Eddie Rodriguez appeal their convictions after entering conditional guilty pleas of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. On appeal, the defendants argue the district court erred in denying their motions to suppress evidence because they claim the arresting officers illegally searched a residence in effecting their arrest. The government contends that the defendants lack standing to challenge the search of the residence and that exigent circumstances justified the entry of the residence without a warrant. We AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

On August 4, 1997, Pollard and Rodriguez were arrested while selling cocaine to a confidential informant and undercover police officer. The arrests occurred in Memphis, Tennessee, at a residence rented to Irma Howard, who lived there with her cousin, her son and two grandchildren. She had known Pollard about six or seven years, and he occasionally spent the night there, sleeping on the couch in the living room. Pollard kept personal belongings in a closet in the living room but did not know how to open the door without a key¹. Howard did not know Rodriguez before the night in question, when Pollard brought him to the house.

Before the arrests, on July 31, officers learned that a shipment of drugs was en route to Memphis. On August 4, the informant told Officer Anthony Berryhill that Pollard had contacted him, told him that his source of cocaine had arrived in Memphis from Texas, and arranged to meet him.

At approximately 8:00 p.m., on August 4, the informant met Pollard and Rodriguez at Howard's residence. Rodriguez wrote down the price ($76,500) and the amount (4 kilograms) and told the informant he needed to be back by 10:00 p.m. because Rodriguez was leaving Memphis.

The informant returned to Officer Berryhill's office and gave him the piece of paper. Berryhill wired the informant, assembled a team of officers, and gathered $50,000 in purchase money for the drugs. A "takedown" signal was established. During these preparations, the informant was paged at least twice and returned the calls to tell the sellers he was coming.

Between 11:00 p.m. and 11:30 p.m., approximately six officers and the informant returned to the residence. The back-up officers were monitoring the transmitter on the informant.

The informant and Detective Rodney Askew, who was acting undercover, approached the house and knocked on the door. Pollard admitted them. Rodriguez immediately left by the front door and returned a few seconds later with a duffle bag. Howard then told Pollard to lock the door; Pollard led them to a back bedroom and Howard switched on the light and left. Rodriguez placed the duffle bag on top of the bed, opened it, removed some clothes and pulled out three bundles wrapped in plastic. He began to unwrap one of the bundles. The takedown signal was given before Rodriguez finished unwrapping the bundles.

The back-up officers, without knocking or announcing themselves, broke down the front door, entered and said "police, get down." They entered without a prior announcement to avoid the risk that the undercover officer (the "new" face in the transaction) would be taken hostage or injured by gunfire. Howard and her cousin were in the front of the house. Some officers stayed in the front of the house while others went toward the back. One officer forced his way into the locked bedroom where Pollard, Rodriguez, the informant and Askew were gathered. Rodriguez jumped into a closet and Pollard ran into a nearby bathroom. The officers arrested everyone in the room and took them into the living room for questioning.

No threats were made to Askew or the informant. Before the officers entered the house, there were no indications that Pollard or Rodriguez was planning to destroy the drugs.

Howard signed a consent to search form. Although she testified that the drugs had already been removed from the bedroom by the time she signed the form, Askew testified that no evidence had been retrieved from the bedroom prior to the consent to search. After Howard had signed the form, Askew observed one bundle in the closet and one bundle halfway under the bed.

In 1997, Magistrate Judge James H. Allen filed his Recommendation. He found that while Rodriguez had no standing to contest the entry and search, Pollard had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the Howard home and thus had standing to contest the search. But the magistrate reasoned that the question of "exigent circumstances" was controlling.

The district court adopted the magistrate's findings of fact and conclusions of law in part. But the court determined that neither defendant had standing to contest the search, because Pollard "was, at most, a casual visitor." It further concluded that there were exigent circumstances to justify the entry without a warrant, because the drug sale was being transacted at the time the officers entered, an undercover detective and an informant were possibly in danger and the drugs may have been destroyed by a further delay. Therefore, it denied the motions to suppress.

Later, Pollard and Rodriguez entered guilty pleas to the conspiracy charge. Each was sentenced to seventy months imprisonment.

II. STANDING OF POLLARD AND RODRIGUEZ

When ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, this court reviews the district court's factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. See United States v. Roark, 36 F.3d 14, 16 (6th Cir. 1994). Similarly, the trial judge's findings of fact regarding the defendants' standing to challenge alleged Fourth Amendment violations are examined for clear error, while the legal determination of standing is reviewed de novo. See United States v. Rohrig, 98 F.3d 1506, 1511 (6th Cir. 1996).

"[I]n determining whether a defendant is able to show the violation of his (and not someone else's) Fourth Amendment rights, the 'definition of those rights is more properly placed within the purview of substantive Fourth Amendment law than within that of standing.'" Minnesota v. Carter, 119 S.Ct. 469, 472 (1998) (quoting Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 140 (1978))². Thus, to determine whether the defendants can claim that their Fourth Amendment rights were violated when officers entered the residence, this court must decide whether Pollard and Rodriguez had "an expectation of privacy in the place searched, and whether [their] expectation[s][were] reasonable." Carter, 119 S. Ct. at 469. A defendant must satisfy a two-pronged test to show a legitimate expectation of privacy: 1) he must manifest an actual, subjective expectation of privacy; and 2) that expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as legitimate. See Sangineto-Miranda, 859 F.2d at 1510.

A. Standing of Pollard

On appeal, Pollard argues he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in Howard's home under Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91 (1990). The government argues that Pollard fails to meet the "heightened" burden under Carter, 119 S. Ct. at 469, for a defendant claiming a reasonable expectation of privacy in a dwelling other than his own home, where the defendant's presence is for an illegal commercial or business purpose. See United States v. Gordon, 168 F.3d 1222, 1226 (10th Cir. 1999). The government contends that Pollard lacks standing because he used the Howard home as a convenient site for himself and Rodriguez to meet the customer to complete an illegal sale of cocaine.

In Olson, 495 U.S. at 98, the Supreme Court held that an overnight guest had a legitimate expectation of privacy in his host's home and thus could challenge officers' warrantless entry into the home to arrest him. The Olson court recognized that "[s]taying overnight in another's home is a longstanding social custom that serves functions recognized as valuable by society." Id. But more recently, in Carter, 119 S. Ct. at 473-74, the Court held that defendants who were in another's apartment solely for the purpose of packaging cocaine had no legitimate expectation of privacy because they failed to demonstrate they were guests on the premises for a personal occasion, rather than for strictly business purposes. The Court determined that the overnight guest in Olson and someone legitimately on the premises represented different ends of the privacy spectrum, and that "the present case is obviously somewhere in between." Id. at 474. The Carter Court concluded that defendants were not overnight guests, were only in the home a few hours, had no previous relationship with the lessee, and the purpose of their visit was purely commercial³. Id. at 493. Thus, the defendants had no legitimate expectation of privacy for their activities and could not contest the search.

Pollard has standing to contest the search. He had been friends for approximately seven years with the lessee, Howard, and had been staying at the home earlier in the week. Furthermore, Pollard occasionally spent the night at the...