Fayed v. Central Intelligence Agency
Decision Date | 13 October 2000 |
Docket Number | No. 00-5150,00-5150 |
Citation | 229 F.3d 272 |
Parties | (D.C. Cir. 2000) Mohamed Al Fayed, Appellant v. Central Intelligence Agency, Appellee |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit |
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia(No. 99ms00043) David E. Kendall argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs was Paul C. Rauser.
H. Thomas Byron, III, Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief were David W. Ogden, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Mark B. Stern, Attorney, and Wilma A. Lewis, U.S. Attorney.
Before: Williams, Sentelle and Rogers, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge Williams.
Appellant Al Fayed is the father of Dodi Fayed, who was killed in an automobile crash in Paris together with Princess Diana and the car's driver, Henri Paul. French juges d'instruction investigating the deaths declined to pursue criminal charges, but Al Fayed has exercised his right under French law to appeal that decision; he hopes also to exercise his right to present new evidence in the appeal. During the initial French proceeding, he filed an ex parte application in the district court here under 28 U.S.C. § 1782, seeking the issuance of a subpoena to the Central Intelligence Agency for documents relating to the crash. (Al Fayed also sought a subpoena of the Defense Intelligence Agency, but he and that agency have resolved their differences.) Section 1782 provides for discovery in the federal courts at the behest of foreign and international tribunals and persons interested in proceedings before such tribunals.
The district court granted the application and issued the subpoena. Al Fayed moved to compel compliance and the CIA moved to quash. The district court denied Al Fayed's motion and granted the CIA's. Interpreting the use of "person" in § 1782 ( ) to exclude the sovereign, it held that it lacked jurisdiction to issue the subpoena. In re: Al Fayed, 91 F. Supp. 2d 137, 140-41 (D.D.C. 2000). Al Fayed appealed. Because he has not shown any affirmative reason to overcome the presumption that "person" does not include the government, we affirm.
* * *
Section 1782 provides a mechanism for international or foreign tribunals, or persons interested in proceedings before such tribunals, to enlist the federal courts to acquire testimony, documents, or other items:
(a) The district court of the district in which a person resides or is found may order him to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal, including criminal investigations conducted be-fore formal accusation. The order may be made pursuant to a letter rogatory issued, or request made, by a foreign or international tribunal or upon the applicationof any interested person and may direct that the testi-mony or statement be given, or the document or otherthing be produced, before a person appointed by thecourt.... To the extent that the order does not pre-scribe otherwise, the testimony or statement shall betaken, and the document or other thing produced, inaccordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
A person may not be compelled to give his testimonyor statement or to produce a document or other thing inviolation of any legally applicable privilege.
(b) This chapter does not preclude a person within theUnited States from voluntarily giving his testimony orstatement, or producing a document or other thing, foruse in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunalbefore any person and in any manner acceptable to him. 28 U.S.C. § 1782 (emphasis added). No court has yet resolved whether the person[s]" subject to subpoena in § 1782 include the federal government. Compare In re Al Fayed, 210 F.3d 421, 422-23 (4th Cir. 2000) ( ); In re Kevork, 788 F.2d 566, 568 (9th Cir. 1986) ( ).
Plainly S 1782 neither excludes nor includes the sovereign explicitly. The Dictionary Act, whose definitions govern the meaning of acts of Congress "unless the context indicates otherwise," says that the word "person" includes "corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies, as well as individuals." 1 U.S.C. S 1. The Supreme Court has construed prior similar language to exclude the United States, United States v. United Mine Workers of America, 330 U.S. 258, 275 (1947),1 and to find that "person" excludes states, Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 69-70 & nn. 8-9 (1989), but does include municipalities, Monell v. New York City Dep't of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 688-89 (1978) ( ).
More generally, the Court has repeatedly held that the word "person" in a statute does not include a sovereign government absent affirmative evidence of such an inclusory intent. It applied the principle just this year in Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens, 120 S. Ct. 1858 (2000), when it decided that a state or state agency was not a person within the meaning of the False Claims Act's provision exposing to liability "[a]ny person" presenting a false claim to employees or officials of the United States government. Id. at 1866. The Court invoked its "longstanding interpretative presumption that person' does not include the sovereign." Id. Although it acknowledged that "[t]he presumption is, of course, not a 'hard and fast rule of exclusion,' " it said that the principle "may be disregarded only upon some affirmative showing of statutory intent to the contrary." Id. at 1867. See also International Primate Protection League v. Administrators of Tulane Educ. Fund, 500 U.S. 72, 82-83 (1991) ( ); Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. at 64; United States v. Cooper Corp., 312 U.S. 600, 604 (1941);cf. Galvan v. Federal Prison Indus., Inc., 199 F.3d 461, 468 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ( ).
Al Fayed suggests that the principle is inapplicable here because the case poses no risk of monetary relief against the sovereign--only the issuance of a subpoena; he notes that the Court has sometimes urged concepts of sovereign immunity in support of the principle. See, e.g., Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. at 64. But his own brief undermines the theory, acknowledging that sovereign immunity principles come into play when parties seek judicial action to compel compliance with a subpoena. See, e.g., COMSAT Corp. v. National Science Foundation, 190 F.3d 269, 277 (4th Cir. 1999). Because of concerns over judicial interference with executive discretion, the sovereign immunity doctrine played an active (if hotly disputed) role in suits seeking non-monetary relief, see, e.g., Larson v. Domestic & Foreign Commerce Corp., 337 U.S. 682, 695-96, 703-04 (1949); Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 738-39 (1947), until Congress waived it for all non-monetary claims in the 1976 amendment of 5 U.S.C. § 702. Act of Oct. 21, 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-574, 90 Stat. 2721. That waiver occurred long after the original enactment of what is now § 1782, and well after its last major amendment in 1964.2 Act of Oct. 3, 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-619, S 9(a), 78 Stat. 995, 997. Whatever the ultimate application of sovereign immunity, it seems naive to say that any sovereign immunity basis for the interpretive presumption has vanished merely because a waiver may ultimately be applicable. As the district court here observed (in a different context), the proposition that the federal government has waived sovereign immunity from a federal-court subpoena by virtue of 5 U.S.C. S 702 must rest on the "premise that a federal-court subpoena implicates sovereign immunity." In re: Al Fayed, 91 F. Supp. 2d at 139.
In any event, the Supreme Court applies the constructional principle against finding "person" to include a sovereign even in the absence of sovereign immunity or comity concerns. It did so, for example, in Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 378 (1998), holding that Paraguay was not a "person" entitled to sue under 42 U.S.C. S 1983, and in United States v. Cooper Corp., 312 U.S. at 604-05, holding that the United States was not a "person" entitled to bring treble damage actions under S 7 of the Sherman Act. But compare Georgia v. Evans, 316 U.S. 159, 161-62 (1942) ( ).
The Court has identified a range of sources for grounds to overcome the presumption: "[O]ur conventional reading of 'person' may therefore be disregarded if '[t]he purpose, the subject matter, the context, the legislative history, [or] the executive interpretation of the statute ... indicate an intent, by the use of the term, to bring state or nation within the scope of the law.' " International Primate, 500 U.S. at 83 (internal citation omitted). In this case none of these sources indicates an intent to override the presumption.
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