North American Processing Co. v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 08 January 2001
• Citation: 236 F.3d 695
• Parties: (Fed. Cir. 2001) NORTH AMERICAN PROCESSING COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. United States, Defendant-Appellee. 99-1545 DECIDED:
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

Page 695

236 F.3d 695 (Fed. Cir. 2001)

NORTH AMERICAN PROCESSING COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. United States, Defendant-Appellee.

99-1545

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

DECIDED: January 8, 2001

Appealed from: United States Court of International Trade Chief Judge Gregory W. Carman

Rufus E. Jarman, Jr., Barnes, Richardson & Colburn, of New York, New York, argued for plaintiff-appellant.

Barbara S. Williams, Attorney, Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, International Trade Field Office, Department of Justice, of New York, New York, argued for defendant-appellee. With her on the brief were David W. Ogden, Assistant Attorney General; David M. Cohen, Director, Department of Justice, of Washington, DC; andJoseph I. Liebman, Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field Office.

Before LOURIE, LINN, and DYK, Circuit Judges.

LOURIE, Circuit Judge.

North American Processing Company ("North American") appeals from the decision of the United States Court of International Trade sustaining the classification by the United States Customs Service ("Customs") of its imported bovine fat trimmings under subheading 0202.30.60 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, 19 U.S.C. §1202 (1994) ("HTSUS"). N. Am. Processing Co. v. United States, No. 93-11-00769 (Ct. Int'l Trade June 25, 1999). Because we conclude that the Court of International Trade did not err in determining that Customs correctly classified the merchandise at issue, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

The imported goods at issue in this case are bovine fat trimmings containing thirty-five percent chemical lean ¹ and sixty-five percent fat, which were imported by North American on October 14, 1992. ² Id. at 1175. Customs originally classified the entry under subheading 1502.00.00 as "[f]ats of bovine animals . . . ," dutiable at a rate of 0.95¢/kg. Subheading 1502.00.00 reads as follows:

1502.00.00 Fats of bovine animals, sheep or goats, raw or rendered, whether or not pressed or solvent-extracted

HTSUS, subheading 1502.00.00. Customs later reliquidated the merchandise on February 23, 1993, and classified it under subheading 0202.30.60 as "[m]eat of bovine animals . . . ," dutiable at a rate of 4.4¢/kg. N. Am., 56 F.Supp.2d at 1175. Subheading 0202.30.60 reads as follows:

0202 Meat of bovine animals, frozen:

. . . .

0202.30 Boneless:

0202.30.60 Other

HTSUS, heading 0202.

North American filed a protest pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §1514(c) (1994), which Customs denied. N. Am., N. Am., 56 F.Supp.2d at 1175. Thereafter, North American challenged Customs' classification in the Court of International Trade, arguing that its fat trimmings should have been classified under subheading 1502.00.00. Id.

The Court of International Trade sustained Customs' classification of the imported fat trimmings under subheading 0202.30.60. Id. at 1182. The court found that, based on the testimony presented at trial and certain United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") regulations and product classifications, the common and commercial meaning of "meat" encompasses merchandise containing both lean and fat elements. Id. at 1177. Conversely, the court noted that the definition of "fats" does not include a lean component, and thus determined that subheading 1502.00.00 was inapplicable. Id. at 1180. As a result, the court refused to address General Rule of Interpretation ("GRI") 3, which states that goods "shall be classified as if they consisted of the material or component that gives them their essential character" when the merchandise is prima facie classifiable under two or more headings. Id. at 1176. Accordingly, the court held that Customs properly classified North American's imported fat trimmings as "meat" under subheading 0202.30.60. Id. at 1182.

North American timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1295(a)(5) (1994).

DISCUSSION

Determining whether imported merchandise has been properly classified under an appropriate tariff provision is ultimately an issue of statutory interpretation and thus a question of law. Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d 1363, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Resolution of that issue entails a two-step process: (1) ascertaining the proper meaning of specific terms in the tariff provision; and (2) determining whether the merchandise at issue comes within the description of such terms as properly construed. Pillowtex Corp. v. United States, 171 F.3d 1370, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 1999). The first step is a question of law over which this court exercises complete and independent review. Id. The second step is a question of fact that this court reviews for clear error. Id. Furthermore, Customs' classification determinations are presumed to be correct. 28 U.S.C. §2639(a)(1) (1994). Therefore, as the party challenging the classification, North American bore the burden of proof in the Court of International Trade. Baxter Healthcare Corp. of P.R. v. United States, 182 F.3d 1333, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

North American argues that the Court of International Trade erred in concluding that Customs properly classified the subject merchandise under subheading 0202.30.60. North American asserts that Customs erroneously based its classification solely on scientific definitions, and argues that the testimony of experts within the imported meat trade indicates that the merchandise at issue is properly classifiable as "fats" under subheading 1502.00.00. North American contends that the fat trimmings at issue may not be classified as "meat" because the Chapter Notes to chapter 2 explicitly state that fat is not covered under that chapter. Finally, North American argues that even if the merchandise may be classified as either "meat" or "fats," GRI 3 mandates that it be classified under subheading 1502.00.00 because the essential character of the fat trimmings comes from its use in fattening up an otherwise lean mixture.

The government responds that the Court of International Trade correctly affirmed Customs' classification of North American's fat trimmings under subheading 0202.30.60. The government asserts that the merchandise at issue may be classified as "meat" under both USDA regulations and the Explanatory Notes to chapter 2. The government contends that subheading 1502.00.00 is inapplicable because only those fat trimmings that contain less than twelve percent lean may be considered "fats" according to USDA product classification standards. Finally, the government argues that even if the imported merchandise can be classified as both "meat" and "fats," thus implicating GRI 3, it is properly classified as "meat" because its value is determined solely by the amount of lean present in the mixture.

Applied in numerical order, the GRIs of the HTSUS and the Additional United States Rules of Interpretation govern the proper classification of merchandise entering the United States. Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States, 195 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999). According to GRI 1, "classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relevant section or chapter notes." Thus, "a court first construes the language of the heading, and any section or chapter notes in question, to determine whether the product at issue is classifiable under the heading." Baxter, 182 F.3d at 1337 (quoting Orlando Food Corp. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1437, 1440 (Fed. Cir. 1998...