Uravic v. Jarka Co

• Citation: 75 L.Ed. 312,282 U.S. 234,51 S.Ct. 111
• Decision Date: 05 January 1931
• Docket Number: No. 32,32
• Parties: URAVIC v. F. JARKA CO. et al
• Court: United States Supreme Court

282 U.S. 234

51 S.Ct. 111

75 L.Ed. 312

URAVIC

v F. JARKA CO. et al.

No. 32.

Argued Dec. 8, 1930.

Decided Jan. 5, 1931.

Messrs. Raymond Parmer, Vernon S. Jones, and Paul C. Matthews, all of New York City, for petitioner.

[Argument of Counsel from page 235 intentionally omitted] Mr. Ernie Adamson, of New York City, for respondents.

[Argument of Counsel from page 236 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an action that was brought in a Court of the State of New York and tried before a jury. At the close of the plaintiff's case the complaint was dismissed upon the merits and the decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals, 252 N. Y. 530, 170 N. E. 131, on the authority of Resigno v. F. Jarka Co., 248 N. Y. 225, 162 N. E. 13. A Writ of certiorari was granted by this Court, 281 U. S. 708, 50 S. Ct. 240, 74 L. Ed. 1131, because there is involved an improtant question as to the applicability of the Jones Act, Act March 4, 1915, c. 153, § 20, as amended by the Act of June 5, 1920, c. 250, § 33, 41 Stat. 988, 1007 (U. S. Code title 46, § 688 (46 USCA § 688)).

The action was for causing the death of the plaintiff's intestate, Anton Uravic, an American citizen, employed in work as a stevedore by the F. Jarka Company, a Delaware corporation. The suit against the other defendant named was discontinued. At the time of receiving the injury that caused his death, July 13, 1926, Uravic was helping to unload a vessel flying the German flag, in the harbor of New York. He was on the vessel at the time and we are to take it that he was hurt by the negligence of a fellow servant. That fact was no defence if the above-mentioned section 33 governed, because it is not one in the case of railway employees; Act of the April 22, 1908, c. 149, § 1, 35 Stat. 65; (U. S. Code, tit. 45, § 51 (45 USCA § 51)); and this section 33 giving an action at common law to the personal representative of any seaman suffering death in the course of his employment makes applicable all statutes of the United States conferring or regulating such right of action in the case of railway employees. It is decided that stevedores come within the benefits conferred by section 33. International Stevedoring Co. v. Haverty, 272 U. S. 50, 47 S. Ct. 19, 71 L. Ed. 157. But the question is raised whether the statute applies to a stevedore working on a vessel that we assume to have been German, since she flew the German flag.

The language of the statute is general. The right is given to 'any seaman,' including, as we have aid , stevedores. The jurisdiction and the authority of Congress to deal with the matter are unquestionable and unquestioned. Cunard Steamship Co. v. Mellon, 262 U. S. 100, 124 et seq., 43 S. Ct. 504, 67 L. Ed. 894, 27 A. L. R. 1306. The conduct regulated is of universal concern. The rights of a citizen within the territorial limits of the country are more extensively determined by the scope of actions for torts than even by the law of crimes. There is strong reason for giving the same protection to the person of those who work in our harbors when they are working upon a German ship that they would receive when working upon an American ship in the next dock, as is especially obvious in the case of stevedores who may be employed in unloading vessels of half a dozen different flags in turn.

But it is said that stevedores only get their rights by a somewhat artificial extension of the word 'seaman' and it is argued that a seaman upon a German vessel clearly would not be given the rights claimed. It is said that the word is defined by Rev. St. § 4612 (U. S. Code, tit. 46, § 713 (46 USCA § 713)). But that section merely provides that for the purposes of the chapter 'seaman' shall include persons who otherwise might be deemed not to be seamen. It is directed to extension not to restriction, as remarked by Judge Crane in Resigno v. F. Jarka Co., 248 N. Y. 225, 242, 162 N. E. 13. Then it is argued that the grant of jurisdiction to the Court of the District in which the defendant employer resides or has his principal office without granting a proceeding in in the case of tramp steamers from abroad shows that seamen on a foreign vessel were not contemplated. But the question is not whether they were thought of for the purpose of inclusion but whether they were intentionally excluded from a description that on its face includes them. The express mention of them in sections as to the payment of wages does not help the respondent since that is a domestic matter of contract that unless mentioned might be left to the parties concerned. See Jackson v. The Archimedes, 275 U. S. 463, 467, 48 S. Ct. 164, 72 L. Ed. 374.

Perhaps it would be a sufficient answer to the objections that while the section 33 is construed to give the rights of seamen to stevedores it does not say or mean that stevedores are to be regarded as seamen on the particular vessel upon which for the moment they happen to be at work. They simply are given the rights of seamen and as they are American workmen they have the rights of American seamen as well on German as on American ships.

But we may go further. Here we are dealing with the conduct of persons within the jurisdiction affecting the safety of other...