C.L. Ritter Lumber Co. v. Consolidation Coal Co.

• Citation: 283 F.3d 226
• Decision Date: 08 March 2002
• Docket Number: No. 01-1286.,No. 01-1287.,01-1286.,01-1287.
• Parties: C.L. RITTER LUMBER COMPANY, INCORPORATED; Coal Mountain Trust; Hurt-Mc Guire Land Trust; James M. McGuire Land Trust; Hugh Macrae Land Trust; Buckhorn Coal Company; Buchanan Coal Company; Sayers Pocahontas Coal Company; Yukon Pocahontas Company; Georgia Pacific Corporation; Garret K. Franks; Linda Schrack, Administrator of the estate of Nermal S. Whited; Sue Snyder, Administrator of the estate of Nermal S. Whited; Mary Russell, Administrator of the estate of Ruth F. Officer; Harvey H. Franks; Vernell Franks; J.C. Franks; Trula S. Franks; John Franks, Administrator of the estate of Estil E. Franks; Dorothy Casteel; Wanda L. Rose; Stuart Rose; Mona Wicks; Freda Meister; Jerry Meister; Earl May; Janie May; Clell Metcalf; Charles R. Arthur; T.J. Bondurant; Margaret Bondurant; Intermont Land Company; Ann Dobrenz, Special Administrator of the estate of Lillian Metcalf; Kelly Wright, Jr., Executor of the estates of Kelly Wright, deceased and Evelyn Wright, deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellees, and Levisa Coal Company, Plaintiff, v. CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY; Conoco, Incorporated; Pocahontas Gas Partnership; Appalachian Methane, Incorporated; Appalachian Operators, Incorporated; Buchanan Production Company, Defendants-Appellants. Levisa Coal Company; Helen C. Johnson; Carol Combs Irvin; Frederick H. Combs, II, Trustee for the Marion S. Combs Trust; Martha E. Combs; Virginia Lee Linwick; Carl J. Puckett, Trustee for the W. Kent Pobst Trust; Meredith E. Iqbal; Phillip G. Linwick; Elene M. Combs, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Appalachian Methane, Incorporated; Appalachian Operators, Incorporated; Buchanan Production Company, Defendants-Appellants, and Cardinal States Gathering Company; McNic Oakwood Gathering, Incorporated; McNic CSG Pipeline Company; Consol Inc.; Island Creek Coal Company, Defendants.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (4th Circuit)

283 F.3d 226

C.L. RITTER LUMBER COMPANY, INCORPORATED; Coal Mountain Trust; Hurt-Mc Guire Land Trust; James M. McGuire Land Trust; Hugh Macrae Land Trust; Buckhorn Coal Company; Buchanan Coal Company; Sayers Pocahontas Coal Company;

Yukon Pocahontas Company; Georgia Pacific Corporation; Garret K. Franks; Linda Schrack, Administrator of the estate of Nermal S. Whited; Sue Snyder, Administrator of the estate of Nermal S. Whited; Mary Russell, Administrator of the estate of Ruth F. Officer; Harvey H. Franks; Vernell Franks; J.C. Franks; Trula S. Franks; John Franks, Administrator of the estate of Estil E. Franks; Dorothy Casteel; Wanda L. Rose; Stuart Rose; Mona Wicks; Freda Meister; Jerry Meister; Earl May; Janie May; Clell Metcalf; Charles R. Arthur; T.J. Bondurant; Margaret Bondurant; Intermont Land Company; Ann Dobrenz, Special Administrator of the estate of Lillian Metcalf; Kelly Wright, Jr., Executor of the estates of Kelly Wright, deceased and Evelyn Wright, deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellees, and Levisa Coal Company, Plaintiff, v. CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY; Conoco, Incorporated; Pocahontas Gas Partnership; Appalachian Methane, Incorporated; Appalachian Operators, Incorporated; Buchanan Production Company, Defendants-Appellants.

Levisa Coal Company; Helen C. Johnson; Carol Combs Irvin; Frederick H. Combs, II, Trustee for the Marion S. Combs Trust; Martha E. Combs; Virginia Lee Linwick; Carl J. Puckett, Trustee for the W. Kent Pobst Trust; Meredith E. Iqbal; Phillip G. Linwick; Elene M. Combs, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Appalachian Methane, Incorporated; Appalachian Operators, Incorporated; Buchanan Production Company, Defendants-Appellants, and Cardinal States Gathering Company; McNic Oakwood Gathering, Incorporated; McNic CSG Pipeline Company; Consol Inc.; Island Creek Coal Company, Defendants.

No. 01-1286.

No. 01-1287.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued October 31, 2001.

Decided March 8, 2002.

ARGUED: David Wayne Hardymon, Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, L.L.P., Columbus, Ohio, for Appellants. William R. Rakes, Jeffrey Scott Sexton, Gentry, Locke, Rakes & Moore, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Monica L. Taylor, Gentry, Locke, Rakes & Moore, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellees.

Before WILKINS, NIEMEYER, and LUTTIG, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge WILKINS wrote the opinion, in which Judge NIEMEYER and Judge LUTTIG joined.

OPINION

WILKINS, Circuit Judge.

These consolidated appeals arise from judgments in favor of several coalbed owners (collectively, "Plaintiffs") in an action against multiple energy companies (collectively, "Defendants"). The Defendants contend that the district court lacked jurisdiction to enter these judgments. We affirm.

I.

The Defendants leased coalbeds from the Plaintiffs in order to extract and sell methane gas found in the coal seams. In all, there were 12 leases ("Disputed Leases"). The terms of these leases required the Defendants to pay royalties to the Plaintiffs based on the value of the gas collected from the coalbeds, minus specified deductions. The Plaintiffs contend that the Defendants took excessive deductions and thus underpaid royalties. As a result, the Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit, joining 12 counts — one for each lease — in a single complaint. Federal jurisdiction over this suit was based on diversity of citizenship. See 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332 (West 1993 & Supp.2001).

A jury found in favor of the Plaintiffs on all 12 counts. The Defendants then moved pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 50(b) and 59(a) for judgment as a matter of law or, in the alternative, a new trial. Later, they submitted a second post-trial motion asserting that the trial judge had a conflict of interest. The trial judge agreed with the latter assertion and recused himself from all further involvement in the case. With one exception not relevant here, the district court (acting through a different judge) denied the Defendants' remaining post-verdict challenges and entered judgment in favor of the Plaintiffs.

After judgment was entered, the Defendants moved to dismiss this suit for lack of complete diversity between the Plaintiffs and Defendants.¹ See Fed.R.Civ.P 60(b)(4). Specifically, the Defendants alleged that three Plaintiffs — John Irvin, Carol Combs Irvin, and Levisa Coal Company (collectively, "Texas Plaintiffs") — and two Defendants — Conoco, Inc. and Pocahontas Gas Partnership (collectively, "Texas Defendants") — were Texas residents for diversity purposes. The Plaintiffs moved to amend the judgment by splitting this suit into two separate cases, with one embracing the claims asserted by the Texas Plaintiffs and the other embracing the claims against the Texas Defendants. (This was possible because none of the Texas Plaintiffs asserted claims against any of the Texas Defendants.) The district court agreed that this measure would alleviate any jurisdictional concern and therefore vacated the existing judgment, divided the lawsuit into two cases, and entered judgment in favor of the Plaintiffs in each of the cases. The Defendants noted an appeal in each case.

II.

The Defendants' primary claim is that the district court erred in refusing to dismiss this suit for lack of jurisdiction. We hold that the court had the power to choose an alternative remedy for the jurisdictional defect and that it did not abuse its discretion in doing so.

It is undisputed at this stage of the proceedings that some Plaintiffs and some Defendants were Texas residents and that the district court therefore could not exercise diversity jurisdiction over the case as it was originally pled.² See Wis. Dep't of Corr. v. Schacht, 524 U.S. 381, 388, 118 S.Ct. 2047, 141 L.Ed.2d 364 (1998). On the other hand, if the Plaintiffs had filed separate complaints ab initio, there would have been no jurisdictional obstacle to joining the cases for trial. See Cella v. Togum Constructeur Ensemleier en Industrie Alimentaire, 173 F.3d 909, 913 (3d Cir.1999) (stating that, to determine whether complete diversity exists, courts must examine consolidated cases separately); cf. Intown Props. Mgmt., Inc. v. Wheaton Van Lines, Inc., 271 F.3d 164, 166-67 (4th Cir. 2001) (observing that consolidation of proceedings does not merge separate cases into a single unit or make the parties in one case parties in the other). The amendment of the judgment by the district court had the effect of retroactively creating the latter situation (that is, two separate cases properly joined for trial). Such post-trial reorganizations are specifically authorized by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 21 (stating that court may cure misjoinder of parties "at any stage of the action").

The Defendants assert that the amendment of the judgment was nevertheless improper because the absence of jurisdiction deprived the district court of the power to enter any order other than dismissal. This is incorrect, in light of precedents upholding efforts to rescue jurisdiction by, for example, dismissing non-diverse parties. See, e.g., Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826, 833-35, 109 S.Ct. 2218, 104 L.Ed.2d 893 (1989). Furthermore, the Defendants' attempts to distinguish such precedents are unavailing. According to the Defendants, the amendment of the judgment was improper because the original judgment was reached through trial rather than summary judgment. So far as we can discern, the gist of the Defendants' argument is that, while both summary judgment decisions and trial verdicts are nullities when the court lacks jurisdiction, measures that resuscitate jurisdiction will retroactively validate earlier legal rulings but not jury determinations. The rationale for this distinction eludes us. When a court acts without jurisdiction, the extent of the transgression is the...