Chlorine Institute, Inc. v. California Highway Patrol

• Decision Date: 11 July 1994
• Docket Number: No. 92-16858,92-16858
• Citation: 29 F.3d 495
• Parties: , 24 Envtl. L. Rep. 21,273 The CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.; DX Systems Company; General Chemicals Corp.; Jones Chemicals, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL, an agency of the State of California; State of California, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 495

29 F.3d 495

39 ERC 1282, 24 Envtl. L. Rep. 21,273

The CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.; DX Systems Company; General

Chemicals Corp.; Jones Chemicals, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL, an agency of the State of

California; State of California, Defendants-Appellants.

No. 92-16858.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Feb. 11, 1994.

Decided July 11, 1994.

Henry G. Ullerich, Interim Asst. Atty. Gen., Los Angeles, CA, for defendants-appellants.

Paul M. Donovan, LaRoe, Winn, Moerman & Donovan, Washington, DC, for plaintiffs-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California.

Before: HUG, FARRIS, and O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge HUG; concurrence by Judge O'SCANNLAIN.

HUG, Circuit Judge:

BACKGROUND

In 1975, Congress enacted the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, 49 U.S.C. app. Sec. 1801, et seq. ("HMTA") "to replace a patchwork of state and federal laws and regulations" concerning the transportation of hazardous materials, "with a scheme of uniform, national regulations." Southern Pac. Transp. v. Public Serv. Comm'n of Nev., 909 F.2d 352, 353 (9th Cir.1990). Pursuant to authority delegated by the HMTA, the United States Department of Transportation ("DOT") has promulgated the Hazardous Materials Regulations ("HMR"), which classify hazardous materials and prescribe certain requirements for shippers and carriers of such materials. 49 C.F.R. Secs. 171-179.

In 1990, Congress substantially amended the HMTA by enacting the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act, 49 U.S.C.App. Secs. 1801-1819 ("HMTUSA"), which, among other things, rewrote the standards for determining when federal law preempts state regulations pertaining to hazardous materials transportation. Id. at Sec. 1811(a). The preemption provision relevant to this appeal is found at section 1811(a)(2), which provides for the preemption of any state requirement that "as applied or enforced creates an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of [the HMTUSA] or [the HMR]." 49 U.S.C. app. Sec. 1811(a)(2) (1993).

The Department of the California Highway Patrol ("CHP") has adopted regulations regarding the transportation of certain hazardous materials having particular toxicity thresholds. These regulations require that shipments of such materials on California highways be accompanied by escort vehicles, and prescribe various requirements regarding those vehicles. 13 C.C.R. Secs. 1133.3(a), 1155.3(a), 1155.8. The CHP regulations go beyond the regulations imposed by the HMR, which do not require escort vehicles for the transportation of nonradioactive materials.

The plaintiffs, The Chlorine Institute, Inc., DX Systems Company, General Chemicals Corporation and Jones Chemicals, Inc., (collectively "CI") represent manufacturers and shippers of chlorine and oleum. Both chlorine and oleum fall within the category of materials to which the above CHP regulations apply. On March 13, 1992, CI filed suit against CHP, seeking declaratory judgment and injunctive relief against the California regulations. CI claimed that the regulations were preempted by the HMTUSA because they created an obstacle to the accomplishment of the goals of the federal act. On September 16, 1992, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of CI. CHP timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Jones v. Union Pacific R.R., 968 F.2d 937, 940 (9th Cir.1992). We must determine, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, whether there is any genuine issue of material fact and whether the district court properly applied the relevant substantive law. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. O'Melveny & Meyers, 969 F.2d 744, 747 (9th Cir.1992), cert. granted, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 543, 126 L.Ed.2d 445 (1993) (No. 93-489).

The HMTUSA provides that a state law or regulation is preempted if, "as applied or enforced [it] creates an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution" of the HMTUSA or the HMR. 49 U.S.C. app. Sec. 1811(a)(2) (1993). In applying the obstacle test to determine preemption, the Supreme Court has examined whether the state law in question poses an " 'obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress' ". Hillsborough County, Fla. v. Automated Medical Lab., Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 713, 105 S.Ct. 2371, 2375, 85 L.Ed.2d 714 (1985) (quoting Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67, 61 S.Ct. 399, 404, 85 L.Ed. 581 (1941)).

This court previously has found that a major purpose of the HMTA was the development of "a uniform, national scheme of regulation" regarding the transportation of hazardous materials. Southern Pacific, 909 F.2d at 358. In amending the HMTA in 1990 through the enactment of the HMTUSA (3) many States and localities have enacted laws and regulations which vary from Federal laws and regulations pertaining to the transportation of hazardous materials, thereby creating the potential for unreasonable hazards in other jurisdictions and confounding shippers and carriers which attempt to comply with multiple and conflicting registration, permitting, routing, notification, and other regulatory requirements,

Congress reiterated this interest in establishing uniform standards:

(4) because of the potential risks to life, property, and the environment posed by unintentional releases of hazardous materials, consistency in laws and regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials is necessary and desirable,

(5) in order to achieve greater uniformity and to promote the public health, welfare, and safety at all levels, Federal standards for regulating the transportation of hazardous materials in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce are necessary and desirable,

....

49 U.S.C. app. Sec. 1801 note (1993) (Congressional Findings: 1990 Amendment). See also Colorado Pub. Utilities Comm'n v. Harmon, 951 F.2d 1571, 1581 (10th Cir.1991) (finding congressional purpose in enacting HMTUSA was the achievement of "uniformity in the regulation of hazardous materials transportation").

We therefore must determine if the CHP regulations pose an obstacle to the accomplishment of the HMTUSA's goal of uniform national regulation. If they do create such an obstacle, they are preempted under the Act.

This court has held that state regulations pertaining to an area already regulated under the HMR pose an obstacle to the goal of uniform national standards for the transportation of hazardous materials. Southern Pacific, 909 F.2d at 358. ¹ In Southern Pacific, we considered a challenge to Nevada regulations requiring carriers of hazardous materials to obtain a state permit prior to loading, unloading, shipping and storage of such materials. We found that, because the DOT had already imposed numerous requirements regarding such loading, unloading, shipping and storage, the Nevada regulations "create[d] a separate regulatory regime for these activities, fostering confusion and frustrating Congress' goal of developing a uniform, national scheme of regulation." Id. As such, we found the Nevada regulations preempted under the HMTA. See also Colorado Public Utilities, 951 F.2d at 1581-83 (state permit requirements for shipment of nuclear materials preempted under the HMTUSA's obstacle test because they "clearly exceed the information and documentation requirements set forth in [the HMR]"); Northern States Power Co. v. Prairie Island Mdewakanton Sioux Indian Community, 991 F.2d 458, 461-62 (8th Cir.1993) (tribal licensing and pre-notification requirements for transportation of nuclear materials held preempted because they "greatly exceed the federal provisions and create the exact inconsistency the [HMTUSA] intends to prevent").

The HMR impose extensive requirements for the shipment of chemicals such as chlorine and oleum. 49 C.F.R. Sec. 171-79 (1992). These regulations include, among other things, requirements for marking, labelling, vehicle placarding, packaging and vehicle equipment. Despite the DOT's extensive regulation of this field, the CHP has imposed a requirement that shipments of chemicals such as chlorine and oleum be accompanied by escort vehicles. 13 C.C.R. Sec. 1155.8. In addition, the CHP regulations require that those vehicles be equipped with special communications equipment, 13 C.C.R. Sec. 1155.3(a)(1), a self-contained breathing apparatus, 13 C.C.R. Sec. 1133.3(a)(9), and, in certain situations, a sleeper berth and an additional driver, 13 C.C.R. Sec. 1155.3(a)(10).

The CHP regulations significantly exceed the federal requirements for the shipment of chemicals such as chlorine and oleum. As We note that our decision today does not leave California without an...