U.S. v. Schiavo

Citation29 F.3d 6
Decision Date13 July 1994
Docket NumberNo. 93-1912,93-1912
PartiesUNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. Kenneth SCHIAVO, Defendant-Appellee.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (1st Circuit)

George W. Vien, Asst. U.S. Atty., with whom A. John Pappalardo, U.S. Atty., and Geoffrey E. Hobart, Asst. U.S. Atty., Boston, MA, were on brief for appellant.

Paul F. Markham, Boston, MA, for appellee.

Before TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge, BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge, and SELYA, Circuit Judge.

TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.

In this interlocutory appeal, the government challenges the district court's order suppressing evidence seized during the course of a motor vehicle stop. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Kenneth Schiavo, Howard Winter, and Gennaro Farina were the subject of a drug investigation by federal agents and the Massachusetts State Police. As part of the investigation, the government provided a confidential informant ("CI") with $9,000 in government funds in a White New Balance bag to be used for the purchase of drugs. 1 On November 4, 1991, the CI met Winter at the Centurian Pub in Sutton, Massachusetts, and gave him the $9,000 as partial payment for a kilogram of cocaine that Winter had delivered on November 1, 1991. After Winter took the cash, agents followed him with the intention of recovering the money. Agents also followed Schiavo, whom they believed to be Winter's source of cocaine.

After Winter left the Centurian Pub, he went to his home in the Worcester area, then to Pudgie's Lounge ("Pudgie's") in Worcester. He then left Pudgie's, went home, and returned. After exiting Pudgie's the second time, he went to the Chandlery Pub in Chelsea. Prior to Winter's arrival at the Chandlery Pub, agents had followed Schiavo to this location. When Winter arrived, Schiavo's vehicle was parked outside. Winter remained in the pub for approximately twenty minutes and then departed in his vehicle. Approximately five minutes after Winter left, Schiavo came out of the restaurant, got into his vehicle, and exited the parking lot.

Trooper Thomas P. Duffy of the Massachusetts State Police and several other investigating agents had developed a strategy to recover the $9,000. Agents expected Winter to meet with Schiavo to give him the money that he had just received from the CI. In the event that Schiavo met with Winter, agents would stop Schiavo's car.

In accordance with this plan, Trooper Duffy followed Schiavo in an unmarked cruiser After Trooper Duffy completed the pat frisk, Schiavo began to unzip his jacket in an apparent effort to show Trooper Duffy that he was not carrying a weapon. Without being asked, Schiavo stuck his hand inside his coat. Concerned that Schiavo was indeed armed, Trooper Duffy immediately instructed Schiavo to raise his hands. Trooper Duffy noticed a brown bag inside Schiavo's jacket and asked what it contained. Schiavo stated, "Just open my coat and take it." Schiavo then told Trooper Duffy that the bag contained approximately $11,000.

                when Schiavo left the Chandlery Pub.  As Schiavo drove onto Broadway Street in Somerville, Massachusetts, Trooper Duffy, who was dressed in uniform, signalled to Schiavo to pull over.  Schiavo pulled into the parking lot of a nearby supermarket, parked, and got out of his vehicle.  Trooper Duffy asked Schiavo to produce his license and registration. 2  When Schiavo stood up after retrieving the registration from the glove compartment, Trooper Duffy noticed a large bulge protruding from the left side of Schiavo's jacket.  Trooper Duffy immediately asked Schiavo if he had a weapon.  Schiavo responded that he did not.  Pointing to the bulge in Schiavo's jacket, Trooper Duffy asked Schiavo, "Is this all you here?," to which Schiavo responded, "Mostly."   Trooper Duffy again asked Schiavo about the nature of the bulge and Schiavo informed him that it was a bag.  At that point, Trooper Duffy conducted a pat frisk of Schiavo
                

When Trooper Duffy inspected the contents of the paper bag, he found that it contained the white New Balance plastic bag that the CI had given to Winter earlier. The bag contained $8,500. After discovering this money, Trooper Duffy seized money from Schiavo's shirt pocket and the two front pockets of his pants. In total, Trooper Duffy seized $12,500 from Schiavo, including the $9,000 given to Winter by the CI.

After his indictment, Schiavo filed a motion to suppress the currency as evidence. The district court found that because the incriminating nature of the bulge in Schiavo's pocket was not immediately apparent to Trooper Duffy upon his initial pat frisk, the "plain feel" doctrine espoused in Minnesota v. Dickerson, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993), did not justify seizure of the money during the Terry protective patdown search. The court further found that Trooper Duffy at no time had probable cause to believe that Schiavo possessed the serialized money and therefore Trooper Duffy did not have a justification to seize the money based on exigent circumstances.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the district court's findings of fact, following the suppression hearing, including mixed findings of fact and law, for clear error. United States v. Rodriguez-Morales, 929 F.2d 780, 783 (1st Cir.1991). We afford no deference, however, to findings of the district court under the wrong legal standard. Id.

PLAIN FEEL DOCTRINE

"[S]earches and seizures conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment--subject only to a few specifically established and well delineated exceptions." Minnesota v. Dickerson, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 2135, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993) (internal citations and quotations omitted). One exception, recognized in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), is that "where a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot the officer may briefly stop the suspicious person and make reasonable inquiries aimed at confirming or dispelling his suspicions." Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). Under Terry, an officer may also conduct a patdown search where the officer is justified in believing that the person is armed and dangerous to the officer or others. Terry, 392 U.S. at 24, 88 S.Ct. at 1881. This protective search must be "limited to that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby." Id. at 26, 88 S.Ct. at 1882; Dickerson --- U.S. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2136.

During a lawful Terry-type search, police officers may seize an object in "plain view" without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe it is contraband without conducting some further search of the object, i.e., if its incriminating character is "immediately apparent." Dickerson at ---- - ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2136-37. Likewise, the "plain feel" doctrine permits an officer to seize an object, if its incriminating character is immediately apparent during a lawful protective pat-search. Id. at ---- - ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2137-38.

In the present case, there is no doubt that the police were justified under Terry in stopping Schiavo and frisking him for weapons. The issue we must therefore address is "whether the officer who conducted the search was acting within the lawful bounds marked by Terry at the time he gained probable cause to believe" that the bulge in Schiavo's jacket was contraband. 3 Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2138. The district court found that he did not. We quote from the district court's Memorandum and Order:

At the suppression hearing, Trooper Duffy repeatedly asserted that he did not know what the bulge contained even after he had conducted the pat frisk. In fact, he indicated that only after he had taken the bag of money from Schiavo's jacket and examined its contents was he able to determine what the bulge was. Because Trooper Duffy did not know what the bulge was after the initial pat frisk and because he needed to conduct a further, unwarranted search of the bulge and its contents to determine what it was, the "plain feel" doctrine espoused in Dickerson does not apply.

The district court properly applied the legal standard described in Dickerson. The district court's conclusion that the incriminating nature of the bulge in Schiavo's pocket was not "immediately apparent" is not clearly erroneous. Trooper Duffy "overstepped the bounds of the strictly circumscribed search for weapons allowed under Terry." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2138. Trooper Duffy's continued exploration of the brown paper bag in Schiavo's pocket "after having concluded that it contained no weapon was unrelated to the sole justification of the search under Terry: ... the protection of the police officer's and others nearby." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2138 (internal citations and quotations omitted).

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