Jiffy Enterprises, Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
Decision Date | 09 July 1962 |
Docket Number | No. 13804 and 13805.,13804 and 13805. |
Citation | 306 F.2d 240 |
Parties | JIFFY ENTERPRISES, INC., Appellant, v. SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO., and E. H. Tate Co. E. H. TATE CO. v. JIFFY ENTERPRISES, INC., Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit |
Arthur H. Seidel, Philadelphia, Pa. (Marvin Comisky, Philadelphia, Pa., of counsel, on the brief), for Jiffy Enterprises.
Cedric W. Porter, Boston, Mass. (Henry N. Paul, Jr., Robert B. Frailey and Paul & Paul, Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief), for appellee.
Before McLAUGHLIN, KALODNER and GANEY, Circuit Judges.
The first of these two patent cases (consolidated for trial) is a suit by Tate to declare Jiffy's Margulis patent 2,809,001 invalid. The second is by Jiffy for infringement of the patent. The trial court, finding the patent invalid, granted a declaratory judgment to Tate and dismissed the Jiffy complaint. Jiffy appeals both judgments.1
Our concern is with the validity of the product patent involved. It consists of a nail-less adhesive picture hanger capable of being secured to a wall without penetrating its surface.
In 1953 Tate sued Jiffy to invalidate the original patent 2,647,711.2 Two years later that action was settled by an agreement which gave Tate a royaltyfree, non-exclusive license to manufacture the '711 hangers. The trial court properly found as a fact under the evidence that The sole physical difference between the hangers is the arrangement for the hook. This is described in the '001 patent as follows:
It is undisputed that the '711 patent is the closest prior art to the patent in question. Viewing the hangers side by side, the basic difference between the two which is readily perceptible to the eye is that the hook on the '711 hanger swivels around the head of a separate eyelet which is inserted through a hole in the metal support bar while the hook on the '001 hanger is part of an integral flanged eyelet which is also inserted through a hole in the bar. As a result of substituting a single moving element for a moving element and a stationary element, which together obviously serve the same function as the single moving element, Jiffy alleges the following structural differences and advantages to have accrued in the '001 hanger: (1) it is thinner, making it "easier to interlock an eye of one picture hanger with the bill of the hook of another picture hanger"; (2) it is lighter, "thereby reducing shipping costs"; (3) it is more efficient because "there are no metal to metal rubbing surfaces * * *" causing the hook to stick in one position. Thus, "the hook is easier to rotate * * *." The rotary mounting better facilitates the use of two or more hangers acting in concert to enable greater weights to be hung thereon; (4) it is "easier to manufacture * * * since fewer steps are needed" and there are none of the "jamming and alignment problems associated with the manufacture" of the '711 hanger; (5) it can be manufactured much more rapidly because the integral hook arrangement facilitates an increase of automation in the manufacturing process; and (6) it is therefore "cheaper to manufacture * * *."
As stated the '001 patent is for a product. From the facts, it is apparent that if the '001 hanger is to be considered patentable apart from the patented '711 hanger, there must be embodied within it certain structural features which distinguish it from the '711 hanger and which meet the test of invention, to wit: Whether "the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains." 35 U.S.C., 1952 ed., Section 103. See R. M. Palmer Company v. Luden's, Inc., 236 F.2d 496, 500 (3 Cir., 1956). The only distinguishing features between the two hangers are the substitution of the hook and separate eyelet by a hook with an integral flanged eyelet, a decrease in weight and thickness, and an increase in hook mobility. Aside from the hook arrangement, the district court found "upon examination of the two hangers" that "any difference in weight, mobility of the hook, or thickness of the hanger is, at best, negligible." 196 F.Supp. at 291. This finding of fact by the district court cannot be disturbed unless clearly erroneous. R. M. Palmer, supra, 236 F.2d at 498. Our own examination of the two hangers reveals that beyond any reasonable doubt, these differences are not readily perceptible to the senses. The district court also found with justification that the advantages claimed from these differences "are not, in fact, there." 196 F.Supp. at 291.
Regarding the change in hook arrangement, the district court said, Ibid. It cited in support Welsh Manufacturing Co. v. Sunware Products Co., 236 F.2d 225 (2 Cir., 1956), and 1 Walker on Patents 196 (Deller ed., 1937) the latter citing numerous authority. Jiffy contends that reliance on these authorities "was improper" because they Jiffy asserts that "this distinction is extremely important and the court below failed to grasp its significance." Actually the substitution of one integral rotatable part for one fixed part and one rotatable part calls for nothing more than the exercise of routine mechanical skill. It is in principle the same as the substitution of one integral fixed part for two separate fixed parts under the general rule.
Jiffy next contends that the trial judge erred in relying upon patents outside the art to which picture hangers pertain in concluding that the use of an integral hook arrangement was anticipated. This was an alternative holding by the court in connection with its conclusion of lack of invention. See 35 U.S.C., 1952 ed., Section 102(e). Those patents deal with shoe lacing-hooks, glove fasteners, envelope fasteners, and the like, having in common the employment of an integral hook arrangement similar or identical to the one in question. The court held that the use of the arrangement in the '001 patent "was an obvious expedient" in view of the "common practice in industry to make hooks with integral flanged eyelets for many purposes." Id., 196 F.Supp. at 295. It also found that there was no showing by Jiffy that and who had Id. at 297. We find no error here. Zephyr American Corp. v. Bates Mfg. Co., 128 F.2d 380, 383 (3 Cir., 1942); Welsh Manufacturing Co. v. Sunware Products Co., supra, 236 F.2d at 226.
There is nothing about the '001 hanger which suggests any reasonable advance in the character or utility of the product apart from that embodied in the '711 hanger. They are basically the same product with the exception that the '001 hanger is modified to permit a more simple and faster manufacturing...
To continue reading
Request your trial-
General Radio Company v. Superior Electric Company
...findings of fact must therefore be accepted by this Court. Fed.Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 52(a), 28 U.S.C.A.; Jiffy Enterprises, Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 306 F.2d 240 (3rd Cir., 1962); cert. den. 371 U.S. 922, 83 S.Ct. 289, 9 L.Ed.2d 230 (1962); R. M. Palmer Company v. Luden's, Inc., 236 F.......
-
Maytag Company v. Murray Corporation of America
...Brass Corp., supra, 298 F.2d at 539; General Electric Company v. Sciaky Bros., Inc., 304 F.2d 724, 731, C.A. 6; Jiffy Enterprises, Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 306 F.2d 240, 243, C.A. 3, cert. denied, 371 U.S. 922, 83 S.Ct. 289, 9 L.Ed.2d 230, citing R. M. Palmer Company v. Luden's Inc., 2......
-
Mott Corporation v. Sunflower Industries, Inc.
...the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains." Jiffy Enterprises, Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 3 Cir., 306 F.2d 240. To be invention, an improvement in the prior art must involve more ingenuity and skill than the work of an ordin......
-
Hadco Products, Inc. v. Walter Kidde & Company
...whereas the accents on the top view should have been smaller due to the principle of foreshortening. 5 Jiffy Enterprises, Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 306 F.2d 240, 243 (3 Cir. 1962), cert. den. 371 U.S. 922, 83 S.Ct. 289, 9 L.Ed.2d 230 (1962); R. M. Palmer Company v. Luden's, Inc., 236 F.......