Golden ex rel. v. Anders, 02-2702.

• Citation: 324 F.3d 650
• Decision Date: 28 March 2003
• Docket Number: No. 02-2702.,02-2702.
• Parties: Marilyn GOLDEN, as parent and next friend of Timothy BALCH, a minor; Timothy Balch, a minor, Appellants, v. William A. ANDERS, individually and in his official capacity as principal of Hampton High School; Darrell Donaldson, individually and in his official capacity as superintendent of Hampton Public Schools; Debbie Fleming, individually and in her official capacity as a teacher at Hampton Elementary School; Hampton Public Schools, Appellees.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit)

324 F.3d 650

Marilyn GOLDEN, as parent and next friend of Timothy BALCH, a minor; Timothy Balch, a minor, Appellants, v. William A. ANDERS, individually and in his official capacity as principal of Hampton High School; Darrell Donaldson, individually and in his official capacity as superintendent of Hampton Public Schools; Debbie Fleming, individually and in her official capacity as a teacher at Hampton Elementary School; Hampton Public Schools, Appellees.

No. 02-2702.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: January 17, 2003.

Filed: March 28, 2003.

Brian Trubitt, argued, Arkadelphia, AR, for appellant.

William C. Brazil, argued, Conway, AR, for appellee.

Before HANSEN, Chief Judge, RICHARD S. ARNOLD, and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges.

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

High school principal William Anders forcefully restrained Timothy Balch, a sixth-grade student at Hampton Elementary School, who violently kicked a school vending machine and resisted the efforts of a teacher who tried to get him settled down. Balch's mother subsequently filed a suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in which she alleged that Anders violated her son's substantive due-process rights. The District Court¹ granted Anders's motion for summary judgment. This appeal followed, and we affirm.

I.

Because we are reviewing a motion for summary judgment, we state the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Embry v. Lewis, 215 F.3d 884, 887 (8th Cir.2000). At the end of the February 25, 2000, school day, Balch — who stood five-and-a-half feet tall and weighed 170 pounds — began kicking a vending machine in the school's hallway. He was upset because the machine failed either to dispense the item he had selected or to return his dollar. Debbie Fleming, a teacher at the school, heard the ruckus from her classroom and went to investigate. Finding Balch kicking the machine, she grabbed him and told him to stop, but he ignored her. Fleming then began shaking Balch by his arms. Balch stopped kicking and held one of Fleming's arms to keep his balance.

Anders arrived on the scene seconds later. He served as principal of a high school located in the same building complex as Balch's elementary school, but he was not the principal of Balch's school. Seeing Balch with his hands on Fleming, Anders grabbed Balch's neck and shirt collar, led him out of the building, and "threw" him onto a bench, where he landed on his shoulder. Balch Dep. at 34-36. Once on the bench, Balch tried to stand up, but Anders held him down by his neck and collar. Balch finally got to his feet for a moment, but Anders quickly forced him back to the bench. Balch struggled to breathe, see id. at 40, and felt pain in his neck. Anders yelled at onlooking students that they should leave or face suspension. According to one student, Anders was "angry, not businesslike, in his manner." J. Smith Aff. at 1.

Anders instructed the school's resource officer, Steve Davis, who had just arrived, to handcuff Balch. At that point, Balch was "breathing kind of funny" and was trying to get some air. Balch Dep. at 42. They took Balch to Anders's office, where Anders told Balch that Anders was "close to knockin' [his] head off." Id. at 44. Davis eventually took Balch to the county jail. Balch's mother then came to the school and met with Anders. She claims that Anders said that he "roughed [Balch] up pretty good" and that he was "going to throw the book at him." Golden Dep. at 22. Balch's mother picked her son up from the jail and took him to the emergency room, where a doctor injected him with a steroid shot to relieve his swollen neck and found a pulled nerve in his shoulder. A few days later, Balch's pediatrician diagnosed him with a strained neck and gave him a neck brace to wear for two weeks. As of October 2001, Balch occasionally complained about his neck, but he never returned to a doctor for a checkup, and his neck pain does not prevent him from participating in any activity.

II.

We review the District Court's grant of Anders's motion for summary judgment de novo. Embry, 215 F.3d at 887. Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).

We turn to the merits of the substantive due-process claim alleged by Balch's mother. In order to prove that government conduct amounted to a substantive due-process violation, a plaintiff must show that the conduct shocks the conscience. S.S. by & through Jervis v. McMullen, 225 F.3d 960, 964 (8th Cir.2000) (en banc), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 904, 121 S.Ct. 1227, 149 L.Ed.2d 137 (2001). The government action must be "truly irrational" and consist of conduct that is more than merely arbitrary, capricious, or violative of state law. Weiler v. Purkett, 137 F.3d 1047, 1051 (8th Cir.1998) (en banc) (internal citations omitted). Substantive due process "is concerned with violations of personal rights ... so severe ... so disproportionate to the need presented, and ... so inspired by malice or sadism rather than a merely careless or unwise excess of zeal that it amounted to brutal and inhumane abuse of official power literally shocking to the conscience." Moran v. Clarke, 296 F.3d 638, 647 (8th Cir.2002) (en banc) (quoting In re Scott County Master Docket, 672 F.Supp. 1152, 1166 (D.Minn.1987), aff'd sub nom. Myers v. Scott County, 868 F.2d 1017 (8th Cir.1989)).

In determining whether Anders's conduct shocked the conscience, the District Court evaluated four factors that we set forth in Wise v. Pea Ridge School District, 855 F.2d 560 (8th Cir.1988), to determine whether a school official's use of force in the corporal punishment context violated a student's substantive due-process rights: (1) the need for the application of corporal punishment; (2) the relationship between the need and the amount of punishment administered; (3) the extent of injury inflicted; and (4) whether the punishment was administered in a good faith effort to maintain discipline or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm. Id. at 564. Our only subsequent application of the Wise factors was in London v. Directors of the DeWitt Public Schools, 194 F.3d 873 (8th Cir.1999). In London, a coach dragged a student along a cafeteria floor for fifteen feet before slamming the student's head against a metal pole. Id. at 875. We affirmed the district court's grant of the coach's motion for judgment on partial findings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(c).

One year after we decided Wise, the Supreme Court rejected the notion that all § 1983 excessive-force claims are governed by a single standard. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989).² The Supreme Court reiterated this principle a decade later, explaining that "[r]ules of due process are not ... subject to mechanical application in unfamiliar territory." County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 850, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998). The Court also has emphasized that a plaintiff claiming his substantive due-process rights have been violated must be able to show that the state actor who is the defendant acted in a way that "shocks the conscience." Id. at 846, 118 S.Ct. 1708. The four Wise factors used by our Circuit to analyze whether corporal punishment amounts to a substantive due-process violation, therefore, may not necessarily be the correct approach for analyzing either a corporal-punishment claim or, as in this case, an excessive-force claim involving a government official, like Anders, who was forced to take action in a matter of moments. The Lewis case, in fact, provides guidance as to a viable standard for such a situation. In Lewis, a police officer driving his squad car was engaged in a high-speed chase with a motorcycle. The chase ended with the officer's car fatally striking a passenger on the motorcycle when the officer could not avoid running into the motorcycle after the motorcycle tipped over. The passenger's estate filed a § 1983 claim alleging a substantive due-process violation. The Court wrote, "[W]hen unforeseen circumstances demand an officer's instant judgment, even precipitate recklessness fails to inch close enough to harmful purpose to spark the shock that implicates" a substantive due-process violation. Id. at 853, 118 S.Ct. 1708. Our Circuit has applied this standard. In Neal v. St. Louis County Board of Commissioners, 217 F.3d 955 (8th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1145, 121 S.Ct. 1082, 148 L.Ed.2d 958 (2001), a police officer unintentionally shot and killed his fellow officer in a shootout with a suspected felon. We recognized that "in rapidly evolving, fluid, and dangerous situations which preclude the luxury of calm and reflective deliberation, a state actor's action will shock the conscience only if the actor intended to cause harm." Id. at 958.

Anders was in neither a high-speed chase nor an exchange of gunfire, but he was in the position where he had to make an "instant judgment," Lewis, 523 U.S. at 853, 118 S.Ct. 1708, as to how to quell the immediate danger posed by Balch. Under Lewis and Neal, we cannot consider Anders's conduct to be conscience-shocking unless he maliciously and sadistically injured Balch, see Neal, 217 F.3d at 958 (citing Lewis, 523 U.S. at 853, 118 S.Ct. 1708, for proposition that liability for substantive due-process claim turns on whether state actor applied force in good faith or maliciously and sadistically), and the record here would not support such a finding. There is no evidence suggesting that Anders disliked Balch prior to their altercation; in fact, they had never met. Balch Dep. at 31; Anders Dep. at 7, 10. Balch's mother argues that Anders's shouting at the onlooking students to leave the scene demonstrates maliciousness, but this evidence cannot bear the weight she seeks to assign to it. The only reasonable inference that could be drawn from this evidence is...