Margoles v. Johns, Civ. A. No. 1669-71.

• Decision Date: 18 November 1971
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. 1669-71.
• Citation: 333 F. Supp. 942
• Parties: Milton MARGOLES, Plaintiff, v. Alida JOHNS and The Journal Company, Journal Square, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Columbia

333 F. Supp. 942

Milton MARGOLES, Plaintiff, v. Alida JOHNS and The Journal Company, Journal Square, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Defendants.

Civ. A. No. 1669-71.

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

November 18, 1971.

John P. Diuguid, Washington, D. C., for plaintiff.

Roberts B. Owen, Washington, D. C., for defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

JOHN H. PRATT, District Judge.

I. FACTUAL STATEMENT.

This is an action for slander in which the plaintiff, a physician and a resident of Illinois, alleges that defendant Johns, a newspaper reporter for the Milwaukee Sentinel and a resident of Wisconsin, made defamatory statements in two telephone calls from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to the District of Columbia. Specifically, the complaint alleges that in the courts of an August 20, 1970 telephone conversation, Miss Johns stated that the plaintiff was guilty of "abortion charges," ran a "house of ill-fame," and was "unfit for help by decent people;" and that in a subsequent telephone conversation on September 2, 1970, Miss Johns declared that plaintiff ran an "abortion mill" in Wisconsin and that "all the women who went there came out with hysterectomies." Miss Johns' employer, the Journal Company, which publishes the Milwaukee Sentinel, is named as a co-defendant pursuant to plaintiff's allegation that Miss Johns' telephone calls were on behalf of the Journal Company and were within the scope of her employment.

This matter is before the Court on defendants' motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, lack of service of process and improper venue. Since the Court bases its ruling on the jurisdictional issue, the question of venue need not be considered.

II. JURISDICTION—THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA'S LONG-ARM STATUTE.

Although plaintiff might have asserted federal jurisdiction on the grounds of diversity under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, he chose to avoid such jurisdiction and to rest his complaint solely on local jurisdiction.¹ When queried by the Court during the oral argument, plaintiff's counsel insisted that the action was brought locally and declined to assert federal jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Court entertains this action pursuant to D.C.Code § 11-501 (Supp. IV, 1971) and treats the jurisdictional issue under D. C.Code § 13-423 (Supp. IV, 1971), a provision of the recently enacted long-arm statute of the District of Columbia.²

Our long-arm statute enumerates six bases for personal jurisdiction over non-residents based on conduct. Although some form of tort action might conceivably arise under another subsection, only two subsections, (3) and (4), specifically deal with tortious injury. The applicable portions of the statute are set out below:

§ 13-423 Personal Jurisdiction Based Upon Conduct

(a) A District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or by an agent, as to a claim for relief arising from the person's—

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(3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission in the District of Columbia;

(4) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission outside the District of Columbia if he regularly does or solicits business, engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed, or services rendered, in the District of Columbia;

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(b) When jurisdiction over a person is based solely upon this section, only a claim for relief arising from acts enumerated in this section may be asserted against him. D.C.Code § 13-423 (Supp. IV, 1971).

III. APPLICATION OF THE LONG-ARM STATUTE TO DEFENDANT JOHNS.

Plaintiff bases his assertion of personal jurisdiction over defendant Johns on Section 13-423(a) (3) of the District of Columbia Code: "causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission in the District of Columbia." The statute permits service if the tortious injury occurs in the District of Columbia and the act causing the injury also occurs in the District of Columbia. The only issue of any moment is whether the defendant Johns acted in the District of Columbia. That injury, if any, to the plaintiff's reputation occurred in the District of Columbia may be inferred from his uncontested allegation that publication occurred here. Plaintiff need not specifically allege that he had a reputation in the District and that he suffered injury to that reputation here—both the reputation and the injury may be inferred from the complaint and the nature of the tort itself.

On the question of where Johns acted, plaintiff argues that:

"the physical location of the speaker is of no consequence. The speaker uses the telephone as an instrument to project his presence into a particular location and the manner of the use of this instrument is completely within the purposeful and calculated control of the speaker. The place of the uttering of the words is of no significance because of their impermanence. No action, activity or act occurs until the words are heard."

Although this argument may have some persuasive value, any such value is diminished by the final sentence. While it is correct to state that no "tort" occurs until the words are heard, one may not infer that no "act" occurs prior to or separate from the hearing of the words. At a minimum the tort of slander requires two persons to act: the first person must act by speaking the words and the second must listen to the words. Obviously, in point of time these acts generally occur simultaneously. In the instant case, the defendant was not in this jurisdiction when she performed the act of speaking (nor indeed the acts of holding or dialing the telephone). The listener was here and the "tortious injury" occurred here, but it does not follow that defendant's act occurred here. The fact that the District may be the place of the tort for conflict of laws purposes is not pertinent to this discussion.³ The statute clearly separates the act from the tortious injury and affords personal jurisdiction over non-residents only when both act and injury occur in the District.⁴

Since personal jurisdiction cannot be exercised over Miss Johns for the reasons discussed above, service of process by mail was not authorized by Sections 13-424 and 13-431 of the Code, and the return of service of process upon Miss Johns should be quashed.

IV. APPLICATION OF THE LONG-ARM STATUTE TO DEFENDANT JOURNAL COMPANY.

Defendant Johns' employer, the Journal Company, is named as a co-defendant pursuant to plaintiff's allegation that Miss Johns' telephone calls were on behalf of the Journal Company and were within the scope of her employment. The Journal Company is a Wisconsin corporation with its principal place of business in that state. The company publishes two newspapers in Milwaukee, the Journal and the Sentinel, which report international and national events along with local stories. The Journal Company maintains three permanent offices in the National Press Building here in the District of Columbia and has assigned three reporters to this jurisdiction. Subsection (a) (4) of Section 13-423 of the District of Columbia Code affords personal jurisdiction over a person—defined in Section 13-421 so as to include a "corporation * * * whether or not a citizen or domiciliary of the District of Columbia and whether or not organized under the law of the District of Columbia"—who acts directly or by an agent, as to a claim for relief arising from the person's:

"causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission outside the District of Columbia if he regularly does or solicits business, engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed, or services rendered, in the District of Columbia; * * *." (emphasis supplied)

The Journal Company's gathering of news in this jurisdiction is clearly a persistent course of conduct. However, this finding, alone, is not conclusive, because the plain language of subsection (b) of Section 13-423 appears to limit jurisdiction over the defendant to a "claim for relief arising from acts enumerated in this section." The interaction of Subsection (b) and the various provisions of Subsection (a) of the statutory provision is somewhat confusing. Although the legislative history sheds little light on this interaction, the Commissioners' Note following Section 1.03 of the Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act (from which Section 13-423 derives) indicates that Subsection (b) does not limit Subsection (a) in the manner suggested above. The Note reads in pertinent part as follows:

"It should be noted that the regular solicitation of business or the persistent course of conduct required by section 1.03(a) (4) need have no relationship to the act or failure to act that caused the injury. No distinctions are drawn between types of tort actions.

"In sustaining the exercise of jurisdiction over a defendant who has caused injury in the state by means of a tortious act done outside the state, the courts have often emphasized that the defendant had contacts with the state that bore no relation to the particular tort.

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"The concept of cause of action or claim for relief should be broadly construed to cover an entire transaction so that, when possible, the entire dispute may be settled in a single litigation. Subdivision (b) is designed to prevent assertion of independent claims unrelated to any activity described in subdivision (a) of section 1.03." (citations omitted and emphasis added)

In light of the Commissioners' Note and the dictates of Section 13-402 (requiring us to construe the language of our statute in accord with those jurisdictions who have enacted comparable legislation patterned after the Uniform Act), this Court would otherwise be inclined to assert personal jurisdiction over the corporate defendant.

However, the...