U.S. v. Martinez-Rocha, 03-5149.

• Decision Date: 25 July 2003
• Docket Number: No. 03-5149.,03-5149.
• Citation: 337 F.3d 566
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alfonso MARTINEZ-ROCHA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

337 F.3d 566

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alfonso MARTINEZ-ROCHA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 03-5149.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

Argued: June 18, 2003.

Decided and Filed: July 25, 2003.

Firooz T. Namei (argued and briefed), Candace C. Crouse (briefed), McKinney & Namei, Cincinnati, OH, for Appellant.

John Patrick Grant, Assistant United States Attorney (argued and briefed), Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty. (briefed), Lexington, KY, for Appellee.

BEFORE: BOGGS and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; MARBLEY, District Judge.^*

OPINION

GILMAN, Circuit Judge.

A federal grand jury indicted Alfonso Martinez-Rocha in May of 2002 on one count of unlawfully reentering the United States after having been deported. Martinez-Rocha moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that the prior order of deportation was predicated on the legal error that his 1999 driving-under-the-influence (DUI) conviction was an "aggravated felony." After the district court denied his motion, Martinez-Rocha entered a conditional plea of guilty. He then appealed in order to challenge the alleged legal error. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

Martinez-Rocha is a citizen of Mexico who entered the United States without authorization in 1993. Approximately six years later he was convicted in a Kentucky state court of DUI and was sentenced to 18 months in prison, followed by a probationary term. After Martinez-Rocha was released from prison, he was arrested in Kentucky for violating the terms of his probation. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) took him into custody. According to INS Agent Michael Galvan, who spoke with Martinez-Rocha shortly thereafter, Martinez-Rocha "said he wanted to go back to Mexico and that he wanted to do it as soon as possible. He actually contacted his probation officer, who in turn contacted me."

Martinez-Rocha was then transported to Louisiana. He received a Notice of Intent to Issue Final Administrative Removal Order in June of 2000. This notice advised him that the INS was seeking his deportation pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), which provides that "[a]ny alien who is convicted of an aggravated felony at any time after admission is deportable."

On June 30, 2000, Martinez-Rocha signed an English-language form acknowledging that he had received the Notice of Intent. The form memorialized that the notice had been read to Martinez-Rocha in Spanish. Martinez-Rocha also signed his name below the following statement:

I admit the allegations and charge in this Notice of Intent. I admit that I am deportable and acknowledge that I am not eligible for any form of relief from removal. I waive my right to rebut and contest the above charges and my right to file a petition for review of the Final Removal Order. I do not wish to request withholding or deferral of removal. I wish to be removed to Mexico.

The INS issued a final administrative removal order on the same day. On July 13, 2000, Martinez-Rocha was deported.

A few months later, Martinez-Rocha again entered the United States without authorization and returned to Kentucky. State authorities arrested him in April of 2002 because he had not paid the financial penalties that he had incurred as the result of a traffic conviction. An INS agent then interviewed Martinez-Rocha, who acknowledged that he had been deported in July of 2000.

B. Procedural background

A single-count indictment was returned against Martinez-Rocha, charging him with violating 8 U.S.C. § 1326, which prescribes a criminal penalty for "any alien who ... (1) has been ... deported ..., and thereafter (2) enters ... the United States" without authorization. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). The indictment alleged that Martinez-Rocha was "an alien who had previously been deported following his conviction for an aggravated felony." An enhanced penalty applies to any alien "whose removal was subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated felony," pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2).

Martinez-Rocha filed a motion to dismiss the indictment. He contended that his 1999 DUI conviction should not have been considered an aggravated felony, so that the order of removal in 2000 was erroneous. The government countered that the underlying deportation order was not subject to collateral attack. After conducting a hearing, the district court denied the motion to dismiss. Martinez-Rocha then entered a conditional plea of guilty. He was sentenced to 15 months in prison. Although the district court also imposed a two-year term of supervised release, the judgment noted that this term would not be applicable if Martinez-Rocha was deported after his imprisonment. This timely appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

Martinez-Rocha argues that his 1999 DUI conviction should not have been characterized as an aggravated felony. But a defendant charged with unlawfully reentering the United States after having been ordered deported may not challenge the validity of the underlying deportation order unless three statutory conditions are satisfied. The defendant must demonstrate that:

(1) the alien exhausted any administrative remedies that may have been available to seek relief against the order;

(2) the deportation proceedings at which the order was issued improperly deprived the alien of the opportunity for judicial review; and

(3) the entry of the order was fundamentally unfair.

8 U.S.C. § 1326(d).

This court has not directly addressed the standard of review for a collateral challenge under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) to a prior order of deportation. The circuits that have addressed the issue, however, are unanimous in deciding that de novo review is appropriate. E.g., United States v. Zelaya, 293 F.3d 1294, 1297 (11th Cir. 2002) (holding that a district court's denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment on the basis of a collateral challenge to the underlying deportation order "is an issue of law to be reviewed de novo on appeal," and noting the agreement of the Second and Ninth Circuits). This matches the standard applicable to a review of the district court's denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment on grounds that involve questions of law. E.g., In re Ford, 987 F.2d 334, 339 (6th Cir.1992) ("This court reviews de novo a district court's denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment on the grounds of double jeopardy."). We find these authorities persuasive, and therefore will review the district court's denial of Martinez-Rocha's motion de novo.

Martinez-Rocha admittedly did not exhaust his administrative remedies when he waived his right to contest the ground on which he was deportable. But he claims that his waiver was invalid because he did not understand at the time that he was, in fact, waiving his right to contest the charges against him. See United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 840, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987) (holding that an alien's waiver of the right to apply for suspension of deportation was invalid where it was not "considered or intelligent"); United States v. Muro-Inclan, 249 F.3d 1180, 1183 (9th Cir.2001) ("The exhaustion requirement of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) cannot bar collateral review of a deportation proceeding when the waiver of right to an administrative appeal did not comport with due process.").

The district court, however, found that Martinez-Rocha's waiver was considered and intelligent. We will not reverse a district court's factual finding unless it is clearly erroneous. United States v. Sykes, 292 F.3d 495, 497 (6th Cir.) ("A district court's determination that a waiver was knowingly and voluntarily made is...