Carson v. Co Carson v. Carbide Carbon Chemicals Corp

• Decision Date: 07 January 1952
• Docket Number: Nos. 186 and 187,ROANE-ANDERSON,s. 186 and 187
• Citation: 96 L.Ed. 257,342 U.S. 232,72 S.Ct. 257
• Parties: CARSON, Commissioner of Finance and Taxation for the State of Tennessee v. CO. et al. CARSON, Commissioner of Finance and Taxation for the State of Tennessee v. CARBIDE & CARBON CHEMICALS CORP. et al
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

342 U.S. 232

72 S.Ct. 257

96 L.Ed. 257

CARSON, Commissioner of Finance and Taxation for the State of Tennessee

v ROANE-ANDERSON CO. et al.

CARSON, Commissioner of Finance and Taxation for the

State of Tennessee

v. CARBIDE & CARBON CHEMICALS CORP. et al.

Nos. 186 and 187.

Argued and Submitted Dec. 5, 1951.

Decided Jan. 7, 1952.

Mr. Allison B. Humphreys, Jr., Lebanon, Tenn., for petitioner.

Mr Oscar H. Davis, Washington, D.C., for United States Intervenor-respondent.

Mr. S. Frank Fowler, Knoxville, Tenn., for respondents.

Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

The Retailers' Sales Tax Act of Tennessee, Tenn.Acts 1947, c. 3, imposes a sales tax on the sale of goods in Tennessee and a use tax on the use within the state of goods purchased elsewhere. Tennessee collected these taxes from respondents who paid them under protest and then brought these suits to recover them and to enjoin future collections. Two of the respondents are private companies who are contractors for the Atomic Energy Commission and who paid use taxes; two are merchants who paid sales taxes on sales to those contractors and who passed the taxes on to them. The use taxes and the sales taxes were on articles used by the contractors in the performance of their contracts with the Commission.

The Tennessee Supreme Court held by a divided vote, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp. v. Carson, 192 Tenn. 150, 239 S.W.2d 27, that the challenged taxes, though not forbidden by the Constitution, were prohibited by § 9(b) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 765, 42 U.S.C. § 1809(b), 42 U.S.C.A. § 1809(b). The cases are here on certiorari. 342 U.S. 847, 72 S.Ct. 74.

Sec. 9(b) provides in part that 'The Commission, and the property, activities, and income of the Commission, are hereby expressly exempted from taxation in any manner or form by any State, county, municipality, or any subdivision thereof.' The constitutional power of Congress to protect any of its agencies from state taxation, Pittman v. Home Owners' Corporation, 308 U.S. 21, 60 S.Ct. 15, 84 L.Ed. 11; Federal Land Bank of St. Paul v. Bismarck Lumber Co., 314 U.S. 95, 62 S.Ct. 1, 86 L.Ed. 65, has long been recognized as applying to those with whom it has made authorized contracts. See Thomson v. Pacific R. Co., 9 Wall. 579, 588—589, 19 L.Ed. 792; James v. Dravo Contracting Co., 302 U.S. 134, 160—161, 58 S.Ct. 208, 221, 82 L.Ed. 155. Certainly the policy behind the power of Congress to create tax immunities does not turn on the nature of the agency doing the work of the government. The power stems from the power to preserve and protect functions validly authorized, Pittman v. Home Owners' Corp., supra, 308 U.S. at page 33, 60 S.Ct. 18—the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers vested in the Congress. U.S.Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 18. Hence if the present contracts which the respondent contractors have with the United States, and the performance thereunder, are 'activities' within the meaning of § 9(b) of the Act, the immunity is clear. Our view is that they are and that the judgments below must be affirmed.

Respondent Roane-Anderson manages the government-owned town of Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Carbide and Carbon Chemicals operates the Oak Ridge plants for the production of fissionable materials. Their contracts antedate the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1801 et seq., having been originally entered into with the Manhattan District of the Corps of Engineers. Pursuant to § 9(a) of the Act these contracts were transferred by Executive Order¹ to the Commission. The question whether the Commission should be empowered to employ private contractors in performance of its functions or whether the Commission should itself be the entrepreneur was an issue of national policy much discussed and debated at the time the legislation was before the Congress. One measure, which had the backing of the War Department, would have authorized the Commission to lean heavily on private enterprise for performance of its functions.² Another measure, originating in the Senate and after extensive revisions becoming the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, contained no provision authorizing the use of contractors to the extent here involved, required the Commission to produce its own fissionable materials in its own plants by its own employees, and directed the Commission to terminate contracts previously made for the production of fissionable materials.³ But that bill was materially altered so as to adopt as the national policy the use of 'management contracts for the operation of Government-owned plants so as to gain the full advantage of the skill and experience of American industry.'⁴ Accordingly § 4(c)(2) of the Act authorizes the...