U.S. v. White, 03-1984.

• Decision Date: 13 January 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-1984.,03-1984.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Erik Brings WHITE, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

354 F.3d 841

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Erik Brings WHITE, Appellant.

No. 03-1984.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: December 16, 2003.

Filed: January 13, 2004.

Gary G. Colbath, fpd, Rapid City, SD, for appellant.

Michael E. Ridgway, AUSA, Sioux Falls, SD, for appellee.

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, HEANEY, and FAGG, Circuit Judges.

HEANEY, Circuit Judge.

Following his guilty plea, Erik Brings White was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court¹ sentenced Brings White to 71 months in prison and three years of supervised release. He appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court erred in applying the cross-reference provisions of the United States Sentencing Guidelines, and in failing to grant his motion for a downward departure. We affirm.

Brings White's conviction arose from a confrontation he had with George Janis. On September 24, 2001, Janis and his brother approached Brings White and his companion. According to Brings White, Janis made threatening comments and displayed a knife, but nothing further came of this skirmish. Later that evening, Brings White approached Janis at a bar purportedly to make peace, but Janis was not interested and another altercation ensued. The two exchanged words, but did not physically fight. Brings White then left the bar. A short time later, Brings White returned to the bar, wearing dark clothing and a ski mask, and carrying a gun. He tried to find Janis in the bar, but was informed that Janis had already left the establishment.

Brings White then went with others to another bar in search of Janis. When his group arrived, Brings White sent a friend inside to see if Janis was there while he remained in the vehicle. When informed that Brings White was outside, Janis exited the bar, and approached Brings White. Again, words were exchanged. As the situation escalated, Brings White pointed his rifle at Janis and shot him in the lower back.

Brings White was tried for attempted murder² in South Dakota state court. He was held in jail for ten months during the trial, which resulted in an acquittal. A federal indictment followed, and Brings White pled guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm. At sentencing, the district court relied on portions of the transcript from Brings White's state court trial, and found that Brings White had possessed the gun in connection with the commission of an aggravated assault on Janis. Applying the cross-reference provisions of the relevant firearms guideline, the court used the offense level for aggravated assault.³ Brings White then moved for a downward departure to account for the ten months he already spent in jail on his attempted murder charges. The district court denied the motion and sentenced him to 71 months in prison. He appeals the district court's application of the cross-reference for aggravated assault and the denial of his motion for a downward departure.

ANALYSIS

Brings White first argues the district court erred in determining his offense level for the firearms conviction. Guideline § 2K2.1 fixes the base offense level at 14 for possession of a firearm by a prohibited person such as Brings White. USSG § 2K2.1(a)(6). If the defendant used or possessed the firearm in connection with the commission or attempted commission of another offense, however, the court is to apply the offense level from the other offense if greater than the firearms base offense level. USSG §§ 2K2.1(c)(1)(A); 2X1.1. The district court found that Brings White used the firearm in connection with the offense of aggravated assault, and thus applied § 2A2.2, the guideline for aggravated assault, instead of the firearms violation guideline, § 2K2.1. Application of the aggravated assault guideline elevated Brings White's offense level from 14 to 26, prior to a reduction for acceptance of responsibility.

Brings White does not contend that his acquittal in state court for attempted murder precludes use of a cross-reference. In fact, he concedes that acquitted and uncharged conduct can be considered so long as it is proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Accord United States v. Madrid, 224 F.3d 757, 762 (8th Cir.2000) (finding the district court's consideration of acquitted conduct appropriate at sentencing where such conduct was proven by preponderance of the evidence); United States v. Humphries, 961 F.2d 1421, 1422 (9th Cir. 1992) (approving the district court's consideration of uncharged conduct for purposes of firearm cross-reference guideline provision).⁴ He rather argues that the facts showed that he did not commit an aggravated assault on Janis because he used the gun in self-defense.

We review the district court's factual findings regarding Brings White's intended use of the gun for clear error. United States v. Jones, 327 F.3d 654, 656 (8th Cir.2003). The government relied on portions of the transcript from Brings White's state court trial to establish that he did not shoot in self-defense. Our review of the transcript convinces us that the district court did not clearly err in applying the aggravated assault cross-reference. Guideline commentary defines aggravated assault as "a felonious assault that involved (A) a dangerous weapon with intent to cause bodily injury (i.e., not merely to frighten) with that weapon; (B) serious bodily injury; or (C) an intent to commit another felony." USSG § 2A2.2, comment. (n.1). Brings White had a heated argument with Janis, left the bar, and then returned carrying a gun and wearing a ski mask. He tried to find Janis, and when unsuccessful, sought him out at another bar. When Janis came outside the bar, Brings White aimed his gun at Janis and eventually shot him. These facts establish that Brings White's conduct fell within at least one of the commentary's definitions of aggravated assault. We thus affirm the district court's application of the aggravated assault cross-reference.

Brings White next argues that the district court erred in not granting him a downward departure. When a district court recognizes its authority to depart, but refuses to do so, the decision is an exercise in discretion that is not reviewable on appeal. United States v. Correa, 167 F.3d 414, 417 (8th Cir.1999). Conversely, when a district court fails to recognize its authority to depart, the proper remedy is to remand the matter for resentencing, directing the judge to consider whether a departure is warranted. United States v. Brown, 903 F.2d 540, 545 (8th Cir.1990).

Here, Brings White requested downward departures on two grounds: victim conduct, pursuant to guideline § 5K2.10, and time already served, pursuant to § 5G1.3. The district court denied both requests. Brings White now asks us to remand, claiming the district court did not recognize its authority under § 5G1.3. For authority, he directs us to application note 7 to guideline § 5G1.3, which states that "[i]n the case of a discharged term of imprisonment, a downward departure is not prohibited if subsection (b) would have applied to that term of imprisonment had...