Maisenberg v. United States

Citation356 U.S. 670,2 L.Ed.2d 1056,78 S.Ct. 960
Decision Date26 May 1958
Docket NumberNo. 76,76
PartiesRebecca MAISENBERG, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES of America
CourtU.S. Supreme Court

Mr. Ernest Goodman, Detroit, Mich., for petitioner.

Mr. J. F. Bishop, Washington, D.C., for the United States.

Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is a companion case to No. 72, Nowak v. United States, 356 U.S. 660, 78 S.Ct. 955. Maisenberg was brought to this country from Russia in 1912, at the age of 11. She was admitted to citizenship in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in January 1938. In March 1953, in the same court, the United States brought this suit under § 340(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 19521 to set aside the naturalization decree, alleging in its complaint that Maisenberg's citizenship was obtained 'by concealment of a material fact (and) willful misrepresentation.' After a trial the District Court, in an unreported opinion, granted the relief requested by the Government. The Court of Appeals affirmed, 238 F.2d 282, and we granted certiorari. 353 U.S. 922, 77 S.Ct. 680, 1 L.Ed.2d 719.

Although the findings of the District Court do not clearly disclose the grounds for decision, Maisenberg seems to have been denaturalized because she was found to have made misrepresentations in (1) answering falsely 'No' to the second part of Question 28 in her Preliminary Form for Petition for Naturalization, filed in June 1937;2 and (2) stating that for a period of five years preceding her naturalization she had been 'at- tached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States * * *.' The District Court also sustained the sufficiency of the Government's affidavit of 'good cause,' which was not signed by an individual having personal knowledge of the facts on which the proceedings were based, but by an attorney of the Immigration and Naturalization Service who relied on official records of the Service.

For the reasons stated in Nowak v. United States, supra, we hold that (1) the Government's timely filed affidavit of good cause was sufficient; and (2) a finding of misrepresentation cannot be predicated on Maisenberg's negative answer to the second part of Question 28.

We also are of opinion that the Government has failed to prove by 'clear, unequivocal, and convincing' evidence, Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118, 125, 158, 63 S.Ct. 1333, 1336, 1352, 87 L.Ed. 1796, that Maisenberg was not 'attached to the principles of the Constitution.'3 As in Nowak, the Government has attempted to prove its case indirectly by showing that Maisenberg was a member of the Communist Party during the five years preceding her naturalization and that she knew that the Party was illegally advocating the violent overthrow of the United States. We think that the Government has adequately proved that Maisenberg was a member of the Party during the pertinent five-year period. But, even making the same assumptions on behalf of the Government that were made in Nowak—that it was adequately shown that the Party in 1938 advocated violent action for the overthrow of the Government and that lack of 'attachment' could be proved by this method—the Government still cannot prevail. For we do not believe that it has carried the burden of proving that Maisenberg was aware of that alleged tenet of the Party.

Apart from introducing evidence that Maisenberg was an active member and functionary of the Communist Party, and that she had attended various 'closed' Party meetings, the Government presented several witnesses who testified to a number of sporadic statements by Maisenberg (or by others in her presence) between 1930 and 1937 which are claimed to show that she was aware of the purpose of the Party 'to overthrow the government by force' and to establish 'the...

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17 cases
  • In re Schlesinger
    • United States
    • Pennsylvania Supreme Court
    • July 18, 1961
    ... ... the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force ... and violence', (b) '[b]y acting as a party ... functionary in connection with ... See Nowak v. United States, 1958, 356 ... U.S. 660, 78 S.Ct. 955, 2 L.Ed.2d 1048; Maisenberg ... v. [404 Pa. 603] United States, 1958, 356 U.S ... 670, 78 S.Ct. 960, 2 L.Ed.2d 1056; ... ...
  • United States v. Osidach, Civ. A. No. 79-4212.
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania
    • March 30, 1981
    ...orally asked by INS and, therefore, no duty to disclose information not requested). See also Maisenberg v. United States, 356 U.S. 670, 672-673, 78 S.Ct. 960, 962, 2 L.Ed.2d 1056 (1958) (no concealment or misrepresentation where the question asked was ambiguous). But see United States v. Pa......
  • United States v. Costello
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York
    • February 20, 1959
    ...convincing" and which does not leave "the issue in doubt" that the defendant has been guilty of fraud. Maisenberg v. United States, 1958, 356 U.S. 670, 78 S.Ct. 960, 962, 2 L.Ed.2d 1056; Schneiderman v. United States, 1943, 320 U.S. 118, 158, 63 S.Ct. 1333, 87 L.Ed. 1796; Klapprott v. Unite......
  • Scales v. United States
    • United States
    • U.S. Supreme Court
    • June 5, 1961
    ...insufficient in Nowak v. United States, 356 U.S. 660, 666—667, 78 S.Ct. 955, 959, 2 L.Ed.2d 1048, and in Maisenberg v. United States, 356 U.S. 670, 673, 78S.Ct. 960, 962, 2 L.Ed.2d 1056. We hold that this prosecution does not fail for insufficiency of the Alleged Trial Errors. Petitioner co......
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