Flaxer v. United States

• Decision Date: 15 December 1958
• Docket Number: No. 60,60
• Parties: Abram FLAXER, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES of America
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

358 U.S. 147

79 S.Ct. 191

3 L.Ed.2d 183

Abram FLAXER, Petitioner,

v UNITED STATES of America.

No. 60.

Argued Nov. 19, 1958.

Decided Dec. 15, 1958.

Mr. David Rein, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.

Mr. William Hitz, Washington, D.C., for respondent.

Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

Petitioner was found guilty, after jury trial, of failure to produce, pursuant to a subpoena duces tecum issued by a Subcommittee of a Senate Committee,¹ records of a union² showing the names and addresses of members of that organization who were employed either by the United States or by any state, county, or municipal government in the country.³ The District Court denied a motion for acquittal or new trial. 112 F.Supp. 669. The Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, affirmed by a divided vote. 98 U.S.App.D.C. 324, 235 F.2d 821. On petition for a writ of certiorari we vacated and remanded for consideration in light of Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 77 S.Ct. 1173, 1 L.Ed.2d 1273, an intervening decision. 354 U.S. 929, 77 S.Ct. 1392, 1 L.Ed.2d 1533. The Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, once more affirmed by a divided vote. 103 U.S.App.D.C. 319, 258 F.2d 413. We again granted certiorari. 357 U.S. 904, 78 S.Ct. 1149, 2 L.Ed.2d 1154.

The Senate Committee on the Judiciary or a duly authorized Subcommittee was authorized⁴ to investigate the administration, operation, and enforcement of the Internal Security Act of 1950.⁵ The Committee created a Subcommittee which adopted a resolution to the effect that a single member would constitute a quorum for the purpose of taking testimony.

Petitioner was head of the union under investigation. The Chairman issued a subpoena duces tecum directing him to produce, inter alia, the names and addresses of the union members mentioned above. Petitioner appeared before Senator Watkins, sitting as the Subcommittee, and produced some of the records of the union; but he failed to produce the membership lists. He made several objections to disclosure of them, maintaining that they were protected by a right of privacy. He did not maintain that the lists were unavailable to him. Indeed, he responded to further interrogation, giving the approximate number of members and indicating that about 5 percent were in the employ of the Federal Government, the balance being in state, county, and municipal governments. He also named the federal agencies where the bulk of the 5 percent were employed. But he persisted in his refusal to produce the lists. At this point in the interrogation Senator Watkins said: 'You are directed by the committee to produce those records according to the terms of the subpena.'

Petitioner continued to state his objections.

Committee counsel asked petitioner how long it would take him to prepare the lists. Petitioner finally said, 'I imagine it could be done in a week.'

Committee counsel then said:

'I respectfully suggest to the chairman that the witness be ordered to produce the information and transmit it to the subcommittee in 10 days' time.'

Senator Watkins replied:

'Since you have made the reply that it could be done in a week, that will be the order of the committee, that you submit that information as requested by counsel for the committee within 10 days from this date. The record will show that you of course have been given that notice and that requirement has been made, and the order has been made.'

Petitioner continued to object to any order of production. Then the colloquy continued as follows:

'Senator Watkins. Whatever your argument is, that is the order now, and, as I understand it, you refuse to do so on the ground you set forth. I want to make the record clear.

'Mr. Flaxer. I haven't got them. I don't feel capable of producing them.

'Senator Watkins. You said you could do it within a week.

'Mr. Flaxer. No; that was not the question he asked. He asked could the list be compiled within a week and I said it could.

'Mr. Arens. The information is available to you?

'Mr. Flaxer. Yes.

'Mr. Arens. But you have declined to produce it; is that correct?

'Mr. Flaxer. I haven't produced them.

'Mr. Arens. Will you produce it pursuant to the order of the chairman of this session within 10 days from today?

'Mr. Flaxer. I will have to take that under consideration.

'Senator Watkins. That is the order, and of course we will have to take whatever steps are necessary if at the end of the time you have not produced them.'

These events transpired on October 5, 1951. That was the return date of the subpoena duces tecum. And each of the two counts of the indictment named October 5, 1951, as the date of petitioner's willful default.

We read the record as showing no default on that date. As we read the colloquy, petitioner, though adamant in his position, was given 10 days from October 5, 1951, to deliver the lists. It does not appear whether at the end of that 10-day period any additional steps were taken against him. Yet, for all we know, a witness who was adamant and defiant on October 5 might be meek and submissive on October 15.

We stated in Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 208, 77 S.Ct. 1173, 1 L.Ed.2d 1273, in reference to prosecutions for contempt under this Act that 'the courts must accord to the defendants every right which is guaranteed to defendants in all other criminal cases.' One of these guarantees is proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the refusal of the witness was deliberate and intentional, as Quinn v. United States, 349 U.S. 155, 165, 75 S.Ct. 668, 99 L.Ed. 964, holds. In the Quinn case the witness was 'never confronted with a clear-cut choice between compliance and noncompliance, between answering the question and risking prosecution for contempt.' Id., 349 U.S. at page...