Tavarez v. Klingensmith

• Citation: 372 F.3d 188
• Decision Date: 15 June 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-2815.,03-2815.
• Parties: Orlando TAVAREZ, Appellant v. Allan KLINGENSMITH.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

Page 188

372 F.3d 188

Orlando TAVAREZ, Appellant v. Allan KLINGENSMITH.

No. 03-2815.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Submitted pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1 May 7, 2004.

June 15, 2004.

Joel H. Holt, Law Offices of Joel H. Holt, Christiansted, St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands, for Appellant.

Susan B. Moorehead, John E. Stout, Sandra A. Nabozny-Younger, Grunert Stout & Bruch, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, for Appellee.

Before BARRY, AMBRO and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

This appeal requires that we determine whether the immunity afforded to an employer under the Workers' Compensation Act of the Virgin Islands shields Allan Klingensmith, Orlando Tavarez's supervisor, from personal liability for allegedly tortious acts committed as a manager of the employer's business. We conclude that the injured employee's suit against his supervisor is barred and affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.¹

I.

The facts are not disputed. In 1995, Orlando Tavarez was employed by V.I. Cement & Building Products, Inc. ("VI Cement"). His duties included driving a dump truck. During early 1995, Tavarez asked Allan Klingensmith, one of VI Cement's managers, to replace the tires on Tavarez's truck. Although Klingensmith agreed to change some of the tires, he refused to grant permission to have the left front tire of the truck replaced. On March 21, 1995, the left front tire blew out while Tavarez was driving the truck and he was seriously injured.

Tavarez filed a claim under the Virgin Islands Workers' Compensation Act ("WCA" or the Act), 24 V.I.C. § 250 et seq., and was awarded benefits. Thereafter, Tavarez filed this negligence action in the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands alleging that Klingensmith was personally liable for the injuries Tavarez sustained. Tavarez averred that Klingensmith was liable because he had refused, as VI Cement's manager, to grant Tavarez's request to replace the left front tire on the dump truck. According to Tavarez, his injuries were the direct and proximate result of Klingensmith's refusal.

Klingensmith moved for summary judgment, contending that he was immune from suit under the WCA. The Territorial Court denied the motion and the matter proceeded to trial. The evidence at trial established that Klingensmith, as Tavarez's supervisor, had refused to grant Tavarez's request to replace the left front tire of the truck. At the close of the evidence, Klingensmith moved for judgment as a matter of law, reiterating his contention that he was immune from suit under § 284 of the WCA. The Territorial Court granted the motion and explained that Klingensmith, in his capacity as a manager of VI Cement, had failed to grant permission to replace the tire and that this omission occurred "solely and only because of the employment relation between the parties." As a result, the Territorial Court determined that Klingensmith had breached the employer's non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace and that Klingensmith was entitled to the immunity afforded employers under the WCA.

Tavarez filed a timely appeal with the Appellate Division of the District Court of the Virgin Islands. The Appellate Division affirmed the decision of the Territorial Court, holding that Klingensmith was immune under the WCA.²

II.

Because Tavarez claims that the express language of the statute allows him to assert a negligence claim against his supervisor, we begin with the plain text of the statute. United States v. Ron Pair Enter., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989). If the statutory language of § 284(b) is susceptible to different interpretations, we must look to the surrounding words and provisions and their context. Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass'n, 531 U.S. 457, 466, 121 S.Ct. 903, 149 L.Ed.2d 1 (2001). This requires applying the "cardinal rule that a statute is to be read as a whole,... since the meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context." King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221, 112 S.Ct. 570, 116 L.Ed.2d 578 (1991) (internal citation omitted). If possible, we must "`give effect ... to every clause and word of a statute,'" Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001) (quoting United States v. Menasche, 348 U.S. 528, 538-39, 75 S.Ct. 513, 99 L.Ed. 615 (1955)), and be "`reluctan[t] to treat statutory terms as surplusage.'" Id. (quoting Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Cmtys. for a Great Oregon, 515 U.S. 687, 698, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 (1995)). To that end, we must be mindful of the application of the statutory canon of "ejusdem generis, ... `[w]here general words follow specific words in a statutory enumeration, the general words are construed to embrace only objects similar in nature to those objects enumerated by the preceding specific words.'" Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 114-15, 121 S.Ct. 1302, 149 L.Ed.2d 234 (2001) (quoting 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.17 (1991)). In matters of statutory construction, we may consider the legislative history, as well as the "'atmosphere in which [the statute] was enacted.'" New Rock Asset Partners v. Preferred Entity Advancements, Inc., 101 F.3d 1492, 1498 (3d Cir.1996) (quoting Carteret Savings Bank, F.A. v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 963 F.2d 567, 574 (3d Cir.1992)); see also Hudson United Bank v. Chase Manhattan Bank of Conn., 43 F.3d 843, 849 n. 14 (3d Cir.1994) (observing that "consideration of legislative history would be appropriate" in appeal involving statutory construction of venue provision of the Financial Institution Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act).

Most of the Virgin Islands WCA has been in existence since 1954. See Anthony v. Lettsome, 22 V.I. 328, 329 (D.V.I.1986); 24 V.I.C. ch. 11, historical ann. The Act mandates that "[e]very employer shall pay compensation as ... specified for the disability... of an employee resulting from a personal injury ... arising out of and in the course of his employment, irrespective of fault." 24 V.I.C. § 252(a). Employers fulfill this obligation by insuring against liabilities with the Government Insurance Fund. 24 V.I.C. § 272. When an employer is insured, the injured employee's right to obtain compensation from his employer is limited to the remedies set forth in the WCA. 24 V.I.C. § 284(a).

In 1984, the Virgin Islands' legislature amended the WCA, adding § 263a, which provides:

It shall not be a defense to any action brought by or on behalf of an employee, that the employee at the time of his injury or death, was the borrowed, loaned, or rented employee of another employer. Any oral or written agreement between an employer and employee which makes the employee the borrowed, loaned, or rented employee of another employer shall be null and void as being against the public policy of this Territory.

24 V.I.C. § 263a; see Vanterpool v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 766 F.2d 117, 119 n. 1 (3d Cir.1985). This amendment made explicit that the immunity afforded by § 284(a) did not shield a borrowing employer from liability under the common law.

Two years later, in 1986, the legislature enacted § 284(b), which provides:

For the purposes of this section, a contractor shall be deemed the employer of a subcontractor's employees only if the subcontractor fails to comply with the provisions of this chapter with respect to being an insured employer. The "statutory employer and borrowed servant" doctrine are not recognized in this jurisdiction, and an injured employee may sue any person responsible for his injuries other than the employer named in a certificate of insurance issued under section 272 of this title.

24 V.I.C. § 284(b). Although this provision was substantively similar to § 263a, this new provision was applicable to all claims pending on the effective date of the Act. See Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F.2d 1237, 1241 (3d Cir.1987).

III.

Tavarez argues that the "express language of the statute ... clearly permits a claim against a co-worker or supervisor for their specific negligent acts which cause injury." According to Tavarez, this is evident from the fact that § 284(b) allows an injured employee to sue any person except the employer named in the certificate of insurance issued pursuant to § 272 of the WCA. See 24 V.I.C. § 284(b). In short, Tavarez contends that immunity under the WCA is limited to the employer named in the certificate of insurance.

Tavarez is correct that § 284(b), like § 263a, limits those persons who may be entitled to the immunity afforded under the WCA. The plain words of these statutory provisions eliminate the possibility that a borrowing employer or a statutory employer may qualify as an "employer" entitled to immunity under § 284(a) of the WCA. Indeed, the initial clause of the second sentence of § 284(b) abrogates the viability of the statutory employer or borrowed servant doctrine in the Virgin Islands for workers' compensation purposes and expressly allows that an injured employee may sue a secondary employer who is not named in the certificate of insurance.

Tavarez argues, however, that § 284(b) is broader. He contends that the right to sue "any person" in the second sentence of subsection (b) encompasses the right to sue his supervisor regardless of the fact that his employer is entitled to immunity under the Act. At first blush, the apparent breadth of the term "any person," combined with the fact that Klingensmith was not personally named in the certificate of insurance, appears to give Tavarez's argument some support.

However, upon examination of the statutory scheme of the WCA as a whole, we conclude that § 284(b) is not so sweeping as Tavarez would have us hold. First, while § 284(b) limits who is entitled to immunity under the WCA, scrutiny of the plain language of § 284(b) fails to reveal any intent by the...