Downum v. United States
Decision Date | 22 April 1963 |
Docket Number | No. 489,489 |
Citation | 372 U.S. 734,83 S.Ct. 1033,10 L.Ed.2d 100 |
Parties | Raymond DOWNUM, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES |
Court | U.S. Supreme Court |
Richard Tinsman, San Antonio, Texas, for petitioner.
William A. Geoghegan, Cincinnati, Ohio, for respondent.
This case, involving a federal prosecution for stealing from the mail and forging and uttering checks so stolen, presents a question under the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment '* * * nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb * * *.' Petitioner and three others were charged in an indictment containing eight counts. The codefendants pleaded guilty, petitioner being tried alone before a jury and convicted on all but Counts 1 and 2, which did not apply to him. The claim of double jeopardy arose as follows:
On the morning of April 25, 1961, the case was called for trial and both sides announced ready. A jury was selected and sworn and instructed to return at 2 p.m. When it returned, the prosecution asked that the jury be discharged because its key witness on Counts 6 and 7 was not present—one Rutledge, who was the payee on the checks involved in those counts. Petitioner moved that Counts 6 and 7 be dismissed for want of prosecution and asked that the trial continue on the rest of the counts. This motion was denied and the judge discharged the jury over petitioner's objection. Two days later when the case was called again and a second jury impaneled, petitioner pleaded former jeopardy. His plea was overruled, a trial was had, and he was found guilty. The Court of Appeals affirmed, 5 Cir., 300 F.2d 137; and we granted the petition for certiorari because of the seeming conflict between this decision and Cornero v. United States, 48 F.2d 69, 74 A.L.R. 797, from the Ninth Circuit. 371 U.S. 811, 83 S.Ct. 54, 9 L.Ed.2d 54.
The present case was one of a dozen set for call during the previous week, and those cases involved approximately 100 witnesses. Subpoenas for all of them, including Rutledge, had been delivered to the marshal for service. The day before the case was first called, the prosecutor's assistant checked with the marshal and learned that Rutledge's wife was going to let him know where her husband was, if she could find out. No word was received from her and no follow-up was made. The prosecution allowed the jury to be selected and sworn even though one of its key witnesses was absent and had not been found.
From United States v. Perez, 9 Wheat. 579, 6 L.Ed. 165, decided in 1824, to Gori v. United States, 367 U.S. 364, 81 S.Ct. 1523, 6 L.Ed.2d 901, decided in 1961, it has been agreed that there are occasions when a second trial may be had although the jury impaneled for the first trial was discharged without reaching a verdict and without the defendant's consent. The classic example is a mistrial because the jury is unable to agree. United States v. Perez, supra; Logan v. United States, 144 U.S. 263, 298, 12 S.Ct. 617, 628, 36 L.Ed. 429; Dreyer v. Illinois, 187 U.S. 71, 85—86, 23 S.Ct. 28, 32—33, 47 L.Ed. 79; Keerl v. Montana, 213 U.S. 135, 29 S.Ct. 469, 53 L.Ed. 734. In Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 69 S.Ct. 834, 93 L.Ed. 974, the tactical problems of an army in the field were held to justify the withdrawal of a court-martial proceeding and the commencement of another one on a later day. Discovery by the judge during a trial that a member or members of the jury were biased pro or con one side has been held to warrant discharge of the jury and direction of a new trial. Wade v. Hunter, supra, 336 U.S. 689, 69 S.Ct. 837, 93 L.Ed. 974; Simmons v. United States, 142 U.S. 148, 12 S.Ct. 171, 35 L.Ed. 968; Thompson v. United States, 155 U.S. 271, 15 S.Ct. 73, 39 L.Ed. 146. At times the valued right of a defendant to have his trial completed by the particular tribunal summoned to sit in judgment on him may be subordinated to the public interest—when there is an imperious necessity to do so. Wade v. Hunter, supra, 336 U.S. 690, 69 S.Ct. 837—838, 93 L.Ed. 974. Differences have arisen as to the application ofthe principle. See Brock v. North Carolina, 344 U.S. 424, 73 S.Ct. 349, 97 L.Ed. 456; Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 188, 78 S.Ct. 221, 223—224, 2 L.Ed.2d 199. Harassment of an accused by successive prosecutions or declaration of a mistrial so as to afford the prosecution a more favorable opportunity to convict are examples when jeopardy attaches. Gori v. United States, supra, 367 U.S. 369, 81 S.Ct. 1526—1527, 6 L.Ed.2d 901. But those extreme cases do not mark the limits of the guarantee. The discretion to discharge the jury before it has reached a verdict is to be exercised 'only in very extraordinary and striking circumstances,' to use the words of Mr. Justice Story in United States v. Coolidge, 25 Fed.Cas. 622, 623. For the prohibition of the Double Jeopardy Clause is 'not against being twice punished, but against being twice put in jeopardy.' United States v. Ball, 163 U.S. 662, 669, 16 S.Ct. 1192, 1194, 41 L.Ed. 300.
The jury first selected to try petitioner and sworn was discharged because a prosecution witness had not been served with a summons and because no other arrangements had been made to assure his presence. That witness was essential only for two of the six counts concerning petitioner. Yet the prosecution opposed petitioner's motion to dismiss those two counts and to proceed with a trial on the other four counts—a motion the court denied. Here, as in Wade v. Hunter, supra, 336 U.S. at 691, 69 S.Ct. at 838, 93 L.Ed. 974, we refuse to say that the absence of witnesses 'can never justify discontinuance of a trial.' Each case must turn on its facts. On this record, however, we think what was said in Cornero v. United States, supra, states the governing principle. There a trial was first continued because prosecution witnesses were not present, and when they had not been found at the time the case was again called, the jury was discharged. A plea of double jeopardy was sustained when a second jury was selected, the court saying:
That view, which has some support in the authorities,1 is in our view the correct one. We resolve any doubt 'in favor of the liberty of the citizen, rather than exercise what would be an unlimited, uncertain, and arbitrary judicial discretion.'2 This means that the judgment below must be and is reversed.
Reversed.
The Court in applying the rule of Cornero v. United States, 48 F.2d 69, 74 A.L.R. 797 (C.A.9th Cir., 1931), says that 'the valued right of a defendant to have his trial completed by the particular tribunal summoned to sit in judgment on him may be subordinated to the public interest—when there is an imperious necessity to do so.' (Emphasis supplied.) The Court of Appeals was urged to adopt the Cornero rule, but it refused. Applying that rule here, the Court orders the conviction reversed and petitioner set free.*
In Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 69 S.Ct. 834, 93 L.Ed. 974 (1949), this Court refused to follow the Cornero rule, which was characterized as holding that the absence of witnesses was not such an 'imperious' or 'urgent necessity' as to come within the recognized exception to the double jeopardy provision. Id., at 691, 69 S.Ct. at 838, 93 L.Ed. 974. The Court said:
( ) Ibid.
I adhere to Wade v. Hunter, which in short holds that 'a trial can be discontinued when particular circumstances manifest a necessity for so doing, and when failure to discontinue would defeat the ends of justice.' Id., at 690, 69 S.Ct. at 838, 93 L.Ed. 974.
In order to apply the principles of Wade v. Hunter, it is necessary that the facts be recalled. On Wednesday or Thursday of the week preceding trial, some 12 cases, including petitioner's were set by the court for the following Monday. This was, in the words of the trial judge, 'very short notice.' Transcript of Record, p. 18. Subpoenas were issued by the District Attorney's office for approximately 100 witnesses and placed in the hands of the marshal. The petitioner's case was No. 10 on the list, and the prosecutor stated that he did not foresee that it would be reached on Tuesday, the second day of the ...
To continue reading
Request your trial-
Commonwealth v. Washington
...a prior jury was impaneled and sworn, and a mistrial was declared before that jury reached a verdict. Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 735-36, 83 S.Ct. 1033, 10 L.Ed.2d 100 (1963); Wade, 336 U.S. at 688, 69 S.Ct. 834. When those circumstances arise in a particular case, the underlying......
-
State v. Tate
...whether an offense is jeopardy-barred must be resolved `in favor of the liberty of the citizen.' Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 738, 83 S. Ct. 1033, 1036, 10 L. Ed. 2d 100 (1963)." Whiteaker v. State, supra, 279. If we were to reach any other result, the defendant would face reprose......
-
Douglas v. United States
...defense consent is therefore justified "`only in very extraordinary and striking circumstances,'" Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 736, 83 S.Ct. 1033, 1034, 10 L.Ed.2d 100 (1963) (quoting United States v. Coolidge, 25 Fed.Cas. 622, 623 (C.C.D.Mass. 1815) (No. 14858) (Story, J.)), wher......
-
Com. v. Bolden
...449 (1977); United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 91 S.Ct. 547, 27 L.Ed.2d 543 (1971) (plurality opinion); Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 83 S.Ct. 1033, 10 L.Ed.2d 100 (1963); Commonwealth v. Robson, 461 Pa. 615, 337 A.2d 573 (1975); Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91, 288 A.2d 727 ......
-
Dodging Mistrials With a Mandatory Jury Inquiry Rule
...at 82. 170. Id. (citing Drayton v. Hayes, 589 F.2d 117, 122 (2d Cir. 1979)). 171. MacQueen, 596 F.2d at 82. 172. Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 737 173. Id. at 737. 174. Drayton, 589 F.2d at 122. 175. Downum, 372 U.S. at 737. 176. Id. at 737-38 (citation omitted). 177. See Drayton, ......
-
Impact Decisions of the U.s. Supreme Court: Criminal Cases 1972 Term
...proceeding to a verdict. The two dissenting opinions believe that United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470 (1971), and Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734 (1963), have been eviscerated and that the majority mischaracterizes them in claiming to follow them. b. Waller v. Florida, Retroactive: Ro......
-
CHAPTER 14 DOUBLE JEOPARDY
...on other grounds, Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969).[73] 367 U.S. 364 (1961).[74] Id.[75] Schulhofer, Note 62, supra, at 463.[76] 372 U.S. 734 (1963).[77] 22 U.S. (9 Wheat) 579 (1824). See § 14.02[B][1], supra.[78] Downum, 372 U.S. at 736 (quoting United States v. Coolidge, 25 Fed. Ca......
-
The Military's Dilution of Double Jeopardy: Why United States v. Easton Should Be Overturned
...so, determined that jeopardy had attached upon the jury being sworn. 51 45 Id. at 187–88. 46 Id . at 188. 47 Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 736 (1963). 48 Id. at 735. 49 Id. at 737–38. 50 Id. at 741–42 (Clark, J., dissenting). 51 Id. at 737. A decade later, the Court faced the relat......