King v. G & M Realty Corp.

Citation373 Mass. 658,370 N.E.2d 413
PartiesBarbara KING v. G & M REALTY CORPORATION. Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk
Decision Date16 November 1977
CourtUnited States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts

Philip W. Riley, Norwood, for defendant.

Thomas B. Shea, Boston, for plaintiff.

Before HENNESSEY, C. J., and QUIRICO, KAPLAN, LIACOS and ABRAMS, JJ.

KAPLAN, Justice.

Upon trial in the Superior Court in February, 1976, the plaintiff Barbara King won a verdict and judgment against the defendant G & M Realty Corporation on the ground of the defendant's negligence.

The plaintiff testified that in April, 1968, she was the tenant with her four children in a first-floor apartment at 57 Templeton Street, in the Dorchester district of Boston. A rear stairway served all six apartments of the three-story building. At 7:30 A.M. on April 26, 1968, 1 the plaintiff, carrying rubbish from her apartment, started to go down the stairs from the first floor. A top stair had spring loose. A nail protruded from it. The plaintiff's slipper caught on the nail and she fell down the stairs onto a cement walk at street level, suffering injuries. A railing that she might have seized to prevent or break the fall was "gone."

The plaintiff said that over a period some months preceding the accident she had complained repeatedly to the defendant, owner of the building, about the condition of the stairs, but it had not done anything about it. She also testified that the stairs had been in satisfactory condition in 1963, when she first moved into the apartment.

On cross-examination, the defendant suggested that there was contributory negligence in that the plaintiff, knowing as she stated that the stairs were defective, had used them rather than the front stairs available from all the apartments. The plaintiff admitted receiving from the defendant on April 15 a written fourteen-day notice to quit for failure to pay rent. She continued living in the apartment and caught up with rent arrears in June. She moved elsewhere, voluntarily, sometime in the fall of 1968.

On this appeal 2 the defendant argues that the judge should have granted its motion for judgment 3 for the principal reason that, upon receipt of the notice to quit on April 15, the plaintiff became a tenant "at sufferance," and thereupon was owed a duty on the defendant's part only to refrain from wilful or wanton conduct in respect to maintaining the safety of the common stairway. The defendant also excepted to the judge's instruction to the jury which cast on the defendant a general, continuing duty toward the plaintiff to exercise reasonable care in keeping the stairway in safe condition.

1. It is convenient first to consider the case apart from the question of the effect of the notice to quit. In the past it was the law of the Commonwealth that a landlord had no general obligation to exercise reasonable care in keeping safe the common areas of an apartment building or similar structure for use by his tenants and their visitors. Rather he was under a separate and limited duty toward each tenant and that tenant's visitors to exercise reasonable care to maintain the common areas in a condition not less safe than they were, or appeared to be in, at the time of the letting to the particular tenant. See McCarthy v. Isenberg Bros., 321 Mass. 170, 72 N.E.2d 422 (1947); Mirick v. Galligan, --- Mass. ---, ---, --- - --- a, 360 N.E.2d 1045 (1977). This was a singular Massachusetts rule; the "weight of authority" was otherwise and imposed on the landlord the general, continuing duty mentioned. 4 In Lindsey v. Massios, --- Mass. ---, --- b, 360 N.E.2d 631 (1977), we repented of one phase, at least, of our old rule and joined the current of authority in a situation where it was a guest of a tenant who was suing the landlord for an injury suffered through the negligent maintenance of a common stairway. We saw this result as a corollary of a series of decisions since Boston Hous. Auth. v. Hemingway, 363 Mass. 184, 293 N.E.2d 831 (1973), 5 and relied in particular on the policy underlying Mounsey v. Ellard, 363 Mass. 693, 297 N.E.2d 43 (1973), which, as we said in Lindsey, announced "a new rule that occupiers owe a duty of reasonable care to all lawful visitors without regard to their common law status as invitees or licensees." Id. at --- c, 360 N.E.2d at 633-34. With respect to areas retained in the landlord's control, the landlord may be viewed as in effect an "occupier."

The Lindsey decision left open the case where the tenant, rather than the quest, was the injured party suing the landlord. See the reservation in LINDSEY AT --- N.2 , 360 N.E.2D 631,D also Mirick, supra at --- - --- e, 360 N.E.2d 1045. The present case is the one reserved. We think the measure of the landlord's responsibility to the tenant with respect to common areas left in the landlord's control should not differ in kind from that owed by the landlord to the tenant's visitors. A contrary view creating dual standards of care by distinguishing the tenant from the visitor, and fixing the landlord's duty to the former in relation to conditions at the time of letting, would place just that undue emphasis on the "conveyance" and "caveat emptor" aspects of a lease which we were at pains to criticize in the Hemingway case. 6 In the present context the tenant is not different from the visitor except as he may the more readily have or be chargeable with knowledge of a dangerous condition of a common area a factor bearing on contributory negligence. We add here the several practical considerations arising from the situation of residential tenants that lead us to favor the application to them of the rule which now prevails in this country as against the rule earlier recognized in the Commonwealth. "Besides the inherent difficulties of trying to determine in retrospect the condition of the area in question as of the beginning of the tenancy (as noted, the tenancy in the present case began thirteen years before trial), the 'Massachusetts rule' is unfair to tenants who might be unaware of the true condition of the areas retained under the landlord's control. Furthermore, if the tenant becomes aware of a pre-existing dangerous condition after the tenancy has begun, he has no recourse against the landlord to force repairs and must bear the expense and consequences of any resulting injury. 7 The landlord should not be allowed to remain in such a position that he has no incentive to maintain the areas retained under his control in reasonably safe condition. . . . (T)he point in time at which the dangerous condition came into existence is only important as a factor in determining whether the landlord could have discovered the condition by the exercise of reasonable care and whether he has had a reasonable time to make it safe." 8

2. The trial judge was thus correct in charging the jury as he did. 9 There was no basis for allowing the motion for judgment, questions of negligence and contributory negligence being plainly for the jury, unless the notice of April 15 should alter the result. It is suggested that from that day forward the plaintiff lost her status as a tenant at will and, becoming a tenant at sufferance, should enjoy not even the rights of a lawful visitor. We think it would make sense to read the statute under which the notice was given, G.L. c. 186, § 12, 10 as not "determining" the original tenancy for the present purpose i. e., as not altering the nature of the tenancy with respect to the tort obligation until the lapse of the fourteen days (the rent due not having been paid by the fifth day). 11 We need not rest on the circumstance that here the notice evidently had only a minatory purpose; it was not followed up, as far as appears, by legal action on the part of the landlord, and the rent was in fact finally made good. But if § 12 should be interpreted differently, and the original tenancy is taken to have ended on receipt of the notice (or on the fifth day thereafter), we would hesitate to say that the tenant became thereby the equivalent of a trespasser with narrow rights. Cf. Mounsey v. Ellard, 363 Mass. 693, at 707 n.7, 297 N.E.2d 43 (1973); but cf. Kaplan, J., concurring, at 717. As the tenant could remain on the premises for fourteen days safe from dispossession, we would suppose, by reference to the reasoning of the Mounsey case, that he should not be degraded below the rank of a lawful visitor. We need not delve into the law of tenancies at sufferance except to note that even at common law such a tenant was not a trespasser but a "licensee," if only a "bare" one, 12 and that the effect of modern legislation may well be to give him a more honorific status than that. 13

Judgment affirmed.

1 The unfortunate delay in reaching decisive trial is explained only in part by the fact that the action, first entered in the Superior Court, was transferred to the Municipal Court of the City of Boston, tried there to a judgment for the plaintiff, reversed on a point of law by the Appellate Division, and then returned to the Superior Court for jury trial.

2 After the appeal was lodged in the Appeals Court, we took it pursuant to G.L. c. 211A, § 10(A).

3 The defendant moved for a directed verdict at the close of the plaintiff's case. The motion was denied. The defendant then put in a very brief case. After verdict, it moved for judgment, which was denied. Technically, the motion at the close of the plaintiff's case did not survive because not followed up by a motion for a directed verdict at the close of all the evidence, see Martin v. Hall, 369 Mass. ---, ---, 343 N.E.2d 841 (1976) (Mass.Adv.Sh. (1976) 683, 687), and the later motion for judgment was out of order for the same reason, see Mass.R.Civ.P. 50(b), 365 Mass. 814 (1974); but as the case the defendant put in was inconsequential and the judge received and ruled on the later motion, we are content to review the point of law sought to be raised. That point, indeed, inheres in the...

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