Smith v. Crouse-Hinds Co.

• Decision Date: 22 March 1978
• Docket Number: No. 3-575A89,CROUSE-HINDS,3-575A89
• Citation: 175 Ind.App. 679,373 N.E.2d 923
• Parties: Willie SMITH, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 923

373 N.E.2d 923

175 Ind.App. 679

Willie SMITH, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CROUSE-HINDS COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 3-575A89.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, Third District.

March 22, 1978.

Spangler, Jennings, Spangler & Dougherty, William S. Spangler, Jon F. Schmoll, Gary, for plaintiff-appellant.

Carl N. Carpenter, Galvin, Galvin & Leeney, Hammond, Winfield L. Houran, Clifford, Hoeppner, Houran, Wagner & Evans, Valparaiso, for defendant-appellee.

GARRARD, Presiding Judge.

This is an action for personal injury. The plaintiff, Smith, was injured in an explosion at the plant of his employer, Marbon Chemical Co. He sued Crouse-Hinds, the manufacturer of the electrical switches used in the plant claiming that the switches were defective and unreasonably dangerous because they were constructed so that a metal pin might become disengaged and fall out. At trial Smith attempted to place in evidence such a pin, but it was excluded on objection. The court then excluded evidence from Smith's expert witness based upon his examination of that pin. At the conclusion of plaintiff's case, the court granted the defendant's motion for judgment on the evidence. These three rulings constitute the errors raised on appeal.

I. Plaintiff's Theory

Marbon was engaged in the manufacture of plastics. In the manufacturing process a soap solution was mixed in a tank and then pumped through a line into a reactor where it combined with petrochemicals, including butadene. At room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure butadene exists as a gas. When mixed with air it is highly explosive. Accordingly, to prevent butadene or other components from escaping the reactor, two check valves were installed in the line between the reactor and the soap tank. Near the soap tank was a manually operated valve. Further down the line was an automatic valve. When closed these valves would prevent materials from backing up into the soap tank.

Crouse-Hinds manufactured electrical switches for use around dangerous materials. The switch was designed to inclose any spark created by operation of the switch so as not to ignite surrounding materials. These switches were used in the Marbon plant at the time of the explosion. ¹ It was not claimed by Smith that a defective switch ignited the gaseous atmosphere. There was, in fact, no evidence presented as to the precise cause of ignition. Instead liability was posited upon the assertion that the defective switch caused the creation of the explosive atmosphere which was then ignited by an unknown source.

Smith asserted the switches were defective in that they were constructed so that a metal pin used to activate the switch by the push button on the switchfront could become detached and fall out. He theorized that this occurred and the pin fell into a tote box full of soap awaiting use in the soap tank. The pin was then inadvertently introduced into the soap tank where it went through the pump and into the reactor line. It then lodged in the automatic check valve causing the valve to malfunction. Thus when an employee neglected to close the manual check valve, butadene escaped from the reactor and into the plant atmosphere through the soap tank. His theory was supported by evidence that a metal pin similar to the one used in Crouse-Hinds' switches was found lodged in the automatic check valve when it was disassembled after the explosion.

II. The Pin

At trial Smith offered in evidence as Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 a metal pin approximately 15/8 inches long and 3/4 inch in diameter. The defendant objected that relevancy had not been sufficiently established, and the court excluded the pin.

In considering the correctness of that ruling, we first note that the general standard for the admissibility of evidence as relevant is that it makes the sought-for inference more probable than it would be without the evidence. Accordingly, evidence may be found relevant although its ability to persuade is extremely light. Spears v. Aylor (1974), Ind.App., 319 N.E.2d 639; McCormick On Evidence (2nd Ed.) § 185, pp. 436-438. However, this does not end the inquiry. There are counterbalancing factors which may cause the court to exclude evidence which is prima facie relevant because they outweigh the probative value of the evidence offered. These factors have been characterized as:

(1) the danger that the evidence offered will unduly arouse the emotions of the jury to prejudice or sympathy;

(2) the probability that the evidence and the answering evidence it provokes will create a side issue that is unduly time consuming or distracting to the jury;

(3) the likelihood that the evidence will confuse or mislead the jury;

(4) the likelihood that the evidence will unfairly surprise the opponent.

See Patterson v. State (1975), 263 Ind. 55, 324 N.E.2d 482; Bradley v. Onstott (1914), 180 Ind. 687, 103 N.E. 798; Walters v. Kellam & Foley (1977), Ind.App., 360 N.E.2d 199; Spears v. Aylor, supra; McCormick On Evidence (2nd Ed.) § 185, pp. 439, 440. See also Fed. Rules of Evidence, Rule 403. In consequence, the trial court is invested with sound discretion in admitting or rejecting such evidence, and we may reverse only where an abuse of discretion is shown. Patterson v. State, supra; Spears v. Aylor, supra.

Where physical evidence is offered at trial, it is necessary to recall another distinction concerning relevancy.

"Again, demonstrative evidence may be classified as to whether the item offered did or did not play an actual and direct part in the incident or transaction giving rise to the trial. Objects offered as having played such a direct role, e.g. the alleged weapon in a murder prosecution, are commonly called 'real' or 'original' evidence and are to be distinguished from evidence which played no such part but is offered for illustrative or other purposes." McCormick, supra, § 212, p. 527.

Where the offer of physical evidence, either expressly or impliedly, involves the element of personal connection to the matter in issue, e.g. that the item is the gun, the tire or the pin involved in the transaction sued upon, it is inherently logically necessary that the connection be made to appear before the item is received in evidence. Otherwise, it fails to have probative force. In other words, the authenticity of the exhibit must be established. This is normally done by prefatory evidence identifying the exhibit as the object involved in the incident and disclosing that its present condition is substantially unchanged as to any critical features. ²

When the exhibit possesses characteristics which are fairly unique and readily identifiable, and it is relatively impervious to change, considerably less stringent requirements may be employed in establishing a foundation for its admissibility. See, e.g., Elliott v. State (1972), 258 Ind. 92, 279 N.E.2d 207; Jackson v. State (1967), 248 Ind. 579, 228 N.E.2d 3; Smith v. State (1961), 241 Ind. 598, 172 N.E.2d 673. (In these cases it was sufficient to sustain admission of the exhibit that it was shown to be connected to the defendant and was "like" one associated with the crime. Compare the holding and dictum in Jackson v. State (1971), 257 Ind. 477, 275 N.E.2d 538 where a bandana when offered was not shown to be connected to either.) In recognition of these variations in the foundation evidence necessary to adequately authenticate an exhibit offered as "real" evidence, we have recognized that discretion exists on the part of the trial court to determine when a sufficient foundation has been laid for receipt of the exhibit into evidence. See Piggly-Wiggly Stores v. Lowenstein (1925), 197 Ind. 62, 147 N.E. 771; Storckman v. Keller (1968), 143 Ind.App. 43, 237 N.E.2d 602 upholding the exclusion of evidence. See also Chrysler v. Alumbaugh (1976), Ind.App., 342 N.E.2d 908; McCormick, supra, p. 527.

Finally, we note the relationship between evidence tendered as "real" or "original" and the factors which may counter-balance prima facie admissibility and permit the trial court to exclude evidence within the sound exercise of its discretion. As Professor Wigmore pointed out, beyond the inherent logical necessity of establishing authenticity of real evidence, ". . . there is a general mental tendency, when a corporal object is produced as proving something, to assume, on sight of the object, all else that is implied in the case about it. The sight of it seems to prove all the rest." 7 Wigmore, Evidence (3rd Ed.) § 2129, p. 565. Because of this human tendency there is present in the offer of such...