School Bd. of City of Lynchburg v. Caudill Rowlett Scott, Inc., 861159

Citation379 S.E.2d 319,237 Va. 550
Decision Date21 April 1989
Docket NumberNo. 861159,861159
Parties, 54 Ed. Law Rep. 745 SCHOOL BOARD OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG v. CAUDILL ROWLETT SCOTT, INC., et al. Record
CourtSupreme Court of Virginia

Steven C. McCallum (McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe, Richmond, on briefs), for appellant.

Lawrence H. Framme, III, Richmond, William Rosenberger, Jr., Lynchburg, (Barrett E. Pope, Richmond, James A.L. Daniel, Danville, Martha White Medley, Mezzullo, McCandlish & Framme, Richmond, Meade, Tate and Daniel, P.C., Danville, on briefs), for appellees.

Present All the Justices.

RUSSELL, Justice.

We must sustain a motion to dismiss this appeal on jurisdictional grounds. Our consideration of the motion involves Rule 1:1, which provides that final judgments, orders, and decrees remain under the trial court's control for 21 days after entry, and no longer; Rule 5:9, which prescribes the mandatory 30-day period after final judgment within which a notice of appeal must be filed; and Code § 8.01-428(B), which provides for the correction of judgments to remedy clerical mistakes.

On July 26, 1984, the School Board of the City of Lynchburg (the Board) filed a motion for judgment against a number of defendants 1 who had been engaged in the design, supervision, bonding, and construction of a new high school building in Lynchburg, beginning in 1975. The Board alleged that the roof was defective and sought damages on various theories. The defendants filed pleas of the statute of limitations.

On May 14, 1986, the court, after hearing arguments and reviewing the memoranda of counsel, informed all counsel by letter of its decision to sustain the pleas of the statute of limitations. Counsel for the Board prepared a draft order carrying the ruling into effect, endorsed it "Seen and Objected," and forwarded it to defendants' counsel with a cover letter dated July 17. Defendants' counsel endorsed the order "We ask for this," and forwarded it to the trial judge for entry with a covering letter dated July 22. The trial court entered the order on July 25. The order dismissed the action, 2 made the transcript a part of the record, and waived the requirement of endorsement by all counsel pursuant to Rule 1:13. The order made no provision for the clerk to mail copies to counsel after entry.

On August 15, counsel for the Board telephoned the clerk's office of the trial court to inquire whether the final order had been entered, and was told that it had not been entered. On August 22, counsel for the Board again called the clerk's office and was again informed by one of the clerk's staff that the order had not been entered. Counsel for the Board eventually learned, during a telephone conversation with defendants' counsel on September 3, that the order had been entered on July 25. 3

Counsel for the Board had moved the court to reconsider its ruling on the limitations question even before the final order had been entered. In a letter to the judge dated June 23, counsel reiterated that while he had no objection to the form of the draft order which he had endorsed, he was not withdrawing his "request for reconsideration." The final order made no mention of the motion or "request" for reconsideration.

On September 4, the Board's counsel filed a "Plaintiffs' Motion for Relief from Clerical Mistake and Plaintiffs' Motion for Ruling on Motion to Reconsider." The motion described the erroneous information given by members of the clerk's staff to the Board's counsel as a "clerical mistake" and applied for relief under Code § 8.01-428(B). The motion also pointed out that the July 25 order was silent with regard to the Board's motion to reconsider, and moved the court to rule thereon.

The parties stipulated the facts pertinent to the Board's motion and argued the matter before the court on September 9. The court decided that the erroneous information given to counsel on the telephone constituted a "clerical mistake" within the meaning of Code § 8.01-428(B). The court entered an order on September 9, purporting to vacate the July 25 order. The September 9 order also recited that the Board's motion to reconsider was "pending," granted the motion, and, upon reconsideration, again sustained the pleas of the statute of limitations and dismissed the case. The Board filed its notice of appeal on September 19.

The defendants filed a motion in this Court to dismiss the appeal on the grounds that there was no clerical mistake justifying the vacation of the July 25 order, that the trial court lost jurisdiction to vacate the July 25 order 21 days after its entry, that the July 25 order was final and appealable, and that no notice of appeal was filed within 30 days after its entry.

Rule 1:1 provides that final judgments, orders, and decrees remain under the trial court's control for 21 days after entry, and no longer. At the expiration of that 21-day period, the trial court loses jurisdiction to disturb a final judgment, order, or decree except for the limited authority conferred by Code § 8.01-428. See In re Dept. of Corrections, 222 Va. 454, 463-64, 281 S.E.2d 857, 862 (1981); Dorn v. Dorn, 222 Va. 288, 291, 279 S.E.2d 393, 394 (1981); Godfrey v. Williams, 217 Va. 845, 846, 234 S.E.2d 301, 302 (1977); Hirschkop v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 678, 166 S.E.2d 322, cert. denied, 396 U.S. 845, 90 S.Ct. 72, 24 L.Ed.2d 94 (1969). Because the trial court did not disturb the July 25 order until September 9, the question of the applicability of Code § 8.01-428 is crucial.

In McEwen Lumber v. Lipscomb Bros. Lumber, 234 Va. 243, 247, 360 S.E.2d 845, 848 (1987), we said:

There are strong policy reasons favoring certainty of results in judicial proceedings. Accordingly, we attach a high degree of finality to judgments.... Rule 1:1 implements that policy, and we apply it rigorously, unless a statute creates a clear exception to its operation. For the same reason, we have consistently construed Code § 8.01-428 and its predecessors, which create exceptions to the finality of judgments, narrowly.

(Citations omitted).

In Council v. Commonwealth, 198 Va. 288, 94 S.E.2d 245 (1956), this Court departed from the minority view theretofore prevailing, which required that corrections to final judgments could only be made where there was sufficient record evidence to justify the amendment. We adopted the majority view, which holds that the court may correct clerical errors in the record so as to cause its acts and proceedings to be set forth correctly. Such a correction may be based upon any competent evidence. But we said, in Council, "[t]he power to amend should not be confounded with the power to create. While the power is inherent in the court, it is restricted to placing upon the record evidence of judicial action which has actually been taken...." Id. at 292, 94 S.E.2d at 248 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). We continue to adhere to the rule, adopted in Council, that the court has inherent power, independent of statute, to correct the record, based upon any competent evidence, in order to make the record "speak the truth." Netzer v. Reynolds, 231 Va. 444, 449, 345 S.E.2d 291, 294-95 (1986).

Code § 8.01-428(B), upon which the Board relies, provides, in pertinent part: "Clerical mistakes in all judgments or other parts of the record and errors therein arising from oversight or from an inadvertent omission may be corrected by the court at any time...." For the policy reasons mentioned in McEwen Lumber, quoted above, we have applied the same construction to the court's power to correct errors of oversight and inadvertent omission under Code § 8.01-428(B) as we applied, in Council, to the court's inherent power to correct the record to make it "speak the truth." The court has the power to correct the record under Code § 8.01-428(B) only "when the record clearly supports such corrections." Cutshaw v. Cutshaw, 220 Va. 638, 641, 261 S.E.2d 52, 53 (1979).

When these principles are applied to the present case, it is apparent that the final judgment entered on July 25, 1986, correctly reflected the court's rulings, correctly recited the proceedings, and was subject to no errors of oversight or omission. Indeed, there was no competent evidence from any source to suggest that it failed to "speak the truth."

The Board argues that the erroneous information given to counsel by the clerk's staff over the telephone constituted a "clerical mistake" within the statute. In this connection, the Board cites Shipman v. Fletcher, 91 Va. 473, 489, 22...

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