Hinc v. Lime-O-Sol Co.

• Decision Date: 31 August 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-4247.,03-4247.
• Citation: 382 F.3d 716
• Parties: Thomas HINC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LIME-O-SOL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 716

382 F.3d 716

Thomas HINC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LIME-O-SOL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 03-4247.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued June 8, 2004.

Decided August 31, 2004.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Elaine E. Bucklo, J Thomas E. Patterson (argued), Patterson Law Firm, Chicago, IL, Plaintiff-Appellant.

Jason M. Kuchmay (argued), Beckman Lawson, Fort Wayne, IN, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before EASTERBROOK, KANNE, and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judges.

KANNE, Circuit Judge.

Thomas Hinc, a resident of Illinois, sued Lime-O-Sol Company ("LOS"), an Indiana corporation with its headquarters in Indiana, for breach of contract. Holding that LOS's contractual obligation to use its "best efforts" to market the product developed by Hinc was too vague to be enforceable, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of LOS. Hinc appeals. We reverse.

I. History

Through his experience in the paint industry and as an employee handling claims for the Sherwin-Williams Company, a paint manufacturer, Hinc became aware of the recurring problems of surfactant leaching and tannin bleeding, which cause brown surface stains on painted exteriors. Often, because of this discoloration, paint manufacturers and insurance companies were forced to repaint entire commercial complexes at their own expense. Hinc sought to find a cost-effective remedy by inventing a product that would remove the stains, eliminating the need to repaint. Hinc mixed different ingredients and tested them on stains, eventually finding one that worked. Hinc's product, which he named Less Work Painted Surface Stain Remover ("Stain Remover"), combined a certain proportion of a secret ingredient with a shower-cleaning product manufactured by LOS ("Shower Cleaner").

Hinc used a hand-mixed batch of his Stain Remover to remove exterior stains from a building painted with Sherwin-Williams paint, saving Sherwin-Williams approximately $100,000. Lacking knowledge of the Shower Cleaner formula but understanding the commercial potential of Stain Remover, Hinc contacted LOS about his invention in early 1999.

Over the next several months, LOS and Hinc explored whether Hinc's product would be viable. During this time frame, Hinc visited LOS's facility in Ashley, Indiana at least two times to discuss potential applications of Stain Remover. LOS representatives never visited Illinois for any reason relating to Stain Remover. The parties negotiated over the telephone.

In August of 1999, Hinc and LOS came to an agreement. LOS signed the contract in Indiana on August 17, 1999. Hinc signed in Illinois the following day and mailed it back to LOS. The contract provided that while Hinc would retain ownership of the secret ingredient, he would divulge it to LOS. LOS would produce and distribute Stain Remover while keeping Hinc's secret ingredient confidential. Hinc would receive $10 per gallon sold. Without discussion between the parties as to its meaning, the contract contained a term obligating both parties to use their "best efforts" to market the product "in a manner that seems appropriate." The contract, which was subject to annual review, contained a provision allowing either party to cancel upon ninety-days written notice.

After he signed the contract, Hinc supplied LOS with the secret ingredient and secured orders for Stain Remover with Sherwin-Williams. LOS filled these orders with its Shower Cleaner, not the combined product containing Hinc's secret ingredient. LOS claims production difficulties prohibited filling the orders with Stain Remover, and, in order to deliver the orders on time, Hinc agreed to allow LOS to ship Shower Cleaner instead of Stain Remover. Hinc denies he ever agreed to this. Ultimately, LOS never produced, marketed, or sold Stain Remover during the duration of the contract.

After one year, in early September of 2000, Hinc requested either a new agreement that would guarantee him a minimum payment of $2000 per month or the Shower Cleaner formula so that he could seek marketing and further production through a different manufacturer. LOS refused to divulge its portion of the Stain Remover formula — the formula for Shower Cleaner — or agree to the new terms. The contract was renewed as previously signed.

On May 7, 2001, LOS sent Hinc a letter informing him that LOS had changed management and wanted to materially alter the terms of the contract. On May 9, 2001, Hinc sent LOS a letter outlining LOS's failure to market or promote Stain Remover and notifying LOS that he would cancel the contract in ninety days, on August 9, 2001.

Hinc filed a breach of contract suit against LOS in the Northern District of Illinois based on diversity jurisdiction. The district court, applying Indiana law, granted LOS's motion for summary judgment and dismissed Hinc's suit. In its order, the court determined that the "best efforts" provision contained in the contract was vague and unenforceable as a matter of Indiana law.

On appeal, Hinc argues that Indiana law governs his suit, while LOS claims that Illinois law applies. Hinc also argues that the district court improperly granted summary judgment because contracts with "best efforts" clauses are readily enforceable under Indiana or Illinois law.

II. Analysis

For federal subject-matter jurisdiction to exist in this diversity case, we must satisfy ourselves that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Because this was not an issue raised below, we requested, at oral argument, that Hinc explain the basis for his assertion that his damages at the time of filing would exceed $75,000. Hinc pointed to LOS's internal memo from July of 1999, drafted prior to the contract at issue, which contemplated selling 500 gallons of Hinc's product for each of the next six months. Because the contract required LOS to pay Hinc $10 per gallon sold, Hinc claims damages of $5000 for each month that the contract was in effect until he voided the contract almost two years later. Therefore, the amount in controversy appears to exceed the $75,000 threshold (24 months × $5000 = $120,000), which leads us to conclude that there is federal subject-matter jurisdiction.

Hinc appeals the district court's grant of LOS's motion for summary judgment. We review the court's decision de novo, viewing the facts and drawing all inferences in favor of Hinc, the non-moving party. Zaccagnini v. Chas. Levy Circulating Co., 338 F.3d 672, 674 (7th Cir.2003). Summary judgment is appropriate only when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).

A. Indiana Law Applies

Initially, we must determine whether Indiana or Illinois law applies. The contract here does not contain a choice-of-law provision. Federal courts sitting in diversity apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state to determine the applicable substantive law. Jupiter Aluminum Corp. v. Home Ins. Co., 225 F.3d 868, 873 (7th Cir.2000) (citing Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941)). Illinois has adopted the "most significant contacts" test proffered by the Restatement (Second) of Conflicts § 188 (1971) in deciding choice-of-law disputes with respect to contractual issues. Ruiz v. Blentech Corp., 89 F.3d 320, 323-24 (7th Cir. 1996); Wildey v. Springs, 47 F.3d 1475, 1481-83 (7th Cir.1995). Under this test, "the contacts relevant to the choice-of-law decision include `the place of contracting, negotiation, performance, location of the subject matter of the contract, and the domicil[e], residen[ce], place of incorporation, and business of the parties.'" Wildey, 47 F.3d at 1483 (quoting Palmer v. Beverly Enters., 823 F.2d 1105, 1109-10 (7th Cir.1987)). Hinc and LOS disagree on which state has the most significant contacts, with Hinc arguing that the contract is governed by Indiana law and LOS claiming that Illinois law applies.

Hinc signed the contract in Illinois the day after LOS signed in Indiana. "The place of contracting is the jurisdiction wherein is accomplished the last act necessary to give validity to the contract." Ill. Tool Works v. Sierracin Corp., 134 Ill. App.3d 63, 89 Ill.Dec. 40, 479 N.E.2d 1046, 1051 (1985). The common law mailbox rule provides that once an offer is made, acceptance is effective when the offeree puts the signed contract in the mail. Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 63 (1979); see Gordon v. Tow, 148 Ill.App.3d 275, 101 Ill.Dec. 394, 498 N.E.2d 718, 723 (1986). Thus, under the mailbox rule, the place of contracting is Illinois because the contract became effective when Hinc mailed the contract in Illinois.

Negotiation of contractual terms took place over the telephone while each party was in its home state. Prior to the drafting of the contract, Hinc visited LOS in Indiana to discuss possible applications of his formula; LOS representatives never entered Illinois. Therefore, the place of negotiation favors Indiana.

The place of performance favors Indiana as well. The issue in this suit is LOS's alleged failure to make any effort in carrying out its contractual obligation to market Stain Remover. This alleged breach occurred in Indiana, where LOS made its business decisions. Moreover, the subject matter of the contract — production and marketing services to be performed by LOS — is located in Indiana. With Hinc residing in Illinois and LOS in Indiana, the domicile factor is neutral.

While the place of contracting favors Illinois, the place of negotiation, the place of performance, and the location of the subject matter of the contract all favor Indiana. On balance, we agree with the district court...