U.S. v. Badilla

• Decision Date: 12 August 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-2183.,03-2183.
• Citation: 383 F.3d 1137
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Sergio Duran BADILLA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

383 F.3d 1137

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Sergio Duran BADILLA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 03-2183.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

August 12, 2004.

Ordered Published September 8, 2004.

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John D. Kaufmann, Attorney at Law, Tucson, AZ, for Defendant-Appellant.

David N. Williams, Assistant United States Attorney (David C. Iglesias, United States Attorney, Norman Cairns, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), Albuquerque, NM, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR, HOLLOWAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Defendant-appellant Sergio Duran Badilla was indicted for knowingly and intentionally possessing more than one hundred kilograms of marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Badilla was found guilty after a jury trial. He was sentenced to seventy-eight months' imprisonment and four years' supervised release.

Badilla appeals both his conviction and sentence. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), this court affirms Badilla's conviction and sentence.

II. BACKGROUND

Badilla was stopped at a permanent Border Patrol checkpoint in New Mexico. The checkpoint was approximately ninety-eight air miles from the New Mexico-Mexico border. Badilla was the sole occupant of a pick-up truck. Border patrol agent Pedro Antonio Reyes asked Badilla if he was the owner of the pick-up truck. Badilla responded that he was. Reyes noticed that the bed of Badilla's truck was unusually high and had been modified. Testimony at trial showed that the truck's bed and cab were lifted by approximately five inches, and that it was possible to tell that a lift kit had been installed by looking at the truck from the side. Badilla told Reyes that he had "not done anything to the truck."

Reyes asked for Badilla's consent to inspect the truck with his canine. Badilla said, "Sure, go ahead." The canine immediately alerted to the bed of the truck. Reyes looked under the bed of the truck to where the canine had alerted. Reyes noticed that the truck's bed had been modified. Another agent lifted the bed liner and Reyes detected the odor of marijuana emanating from the truck's bed. Reyes found two hundred and seventeen kilograms of marijuana, wrapped in thirty-seven individual bundles, in a hidden compartment which ran along the length of the truck bed. The street value of the marijuana ranged from $119,515 to $310,739. Badilla had $1016 in cash when he was arrested.

Badilla moved to suppress the marijuana. The district court denied the motion. At trial, Badilla testified, under oath, that he did not know the marijuana was in the truck until he "was told [by the Border Patrol Agent], after the dog."

The district court instructed the jury as follows: "[w]ith respect to the question of whether or not a defendant knew that the controlled substance was present, you may — but are not required to — infer that the driver and sole occupant of a vehicle has knowledge of the controlled substance within it." (hereafter "Jury Instruction 8(f)").

Badilla objected to Jury Instruction 8(f), arguing that it singled out one portion of the evidence and shifted the burden to him. The district court overruled the objection. The court also instructed the jury that: (1) it must consider the jury instructions as a whole; (2) it should not assume that anything the judge said during trial expressed his opinion concerning the issues in the case; (3) it must arrive at its own fact findings; (4) it must consider all of the evidence; and (5) the government had the burden of proving Badilla's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Over Badilla's objection, the district court adopted the Pre-Sentence Report's ("PSR") conclusion that Badilla lied on the stand when he testified that he did not know about the marijuana until he "was told, after the dog." The district court reasoned that "[y]ou just don't trust somebody with two hundred and seventeen kilograms of marijuana unless they're a trusted individual." As a consequence, the district court imposed a two-level increase to Badilla's base offense level for obstruction of justice pursuant to United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual ("U.S.S.G.") § 3C1.1.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Permissive Inference Jury Instruction

This court reviews a district court's decision to give a particular jury instruction for an abuse of discretion and considers the instructions as a whole de novo to determine whether they accurately informed the jury of the governing law. United States v. Cota-Meza, 367 F.3d 1218, 1221 (10th Cir.2004). On review, this court merely determines whether the jury was misled by the instructions and whether it had an understanding of the issues and its duty to resolve those issues. Id.

This court must first decide whether the presumption in Jury Instruction 8(f) is permissive or mandatory. Id. Jury Instruction 8(f) is permissive because it makes clear that the jury may infer Badilla's knowledge of the marijuana from his sole possession of the vehicle. Id. It further states that the jury is not required to infer knowledge, thus leaving the jury discretion to determine the ultimate fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt independent of the inference. Id.

The district court did not abuse its discretion in giving Jury Instruction 8(f). A permissive inference instruction is valid if there is a rational connection between the fact that the prosecution proved and the ultimate fact presumed, and the latter is more likely than not to flow from the former. Id. at 1221-22. We judge that likelihood not in the abstract but as applied to the specific case in which the instruction was given. Id. at 1222. The totality of the evidence in this case supports an inference that Badilla knew of the marijuana's presence in the vehicle. Badilla owned the truck. The marijuana had an estimated street value of at least $119,515, making it unlikely that the owner of the marijuana would allow it to be stored and transported in a vehicle which is owned and driven by someone who had no knowledge of its presence. The five-inch lift of the truck's cab and bed was visible from outside the vehicle, making the hidden compartment readily discoverable by Badilla. The large volume and weight of the marijuana further supports the inference that Badilla knew of its presence within his vehicle. On these facts, the inference of Badilla's knowledge of the hidden drugs is more likely than not to flow from the undisputed fact of his sole possession of the truck. Moreover, the instruction is consistent with Tenth Circuit precedent which allows the jury to infer that the driver of a vehicle has knowledge of contraband in the vehicle. Id. (citing United States v. Levario, 877 F.2d 1483, 1485-86 (10th Cir.1989), overruled on other grounds by Gozlon-Peretz v. United States, 498 U.S. 395, 111 S.Ct. 840, 112 L.Ed.2d 919 (1991)).

Jury Instruction 8(f) did not dilute the standard requiring proof beyond a reasonable doubt for conviction because, as demonstrated above, the jury could rationally make the connection permitted by the inference under the facts of this case. See County Court of Ulster County v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 157, 99 S.Ct. 2213, 60 L.Ed.2d 777 (1979) (holding that a permissive inference instruction "affects the application of the beyond a reasonable doubt standard only if, under the facts of the case, there is no rational way the trier [of fact] could make the connection permitted by the inference"). Likewise, the instruction did not impermissibly shift the burden of proof to Badilla.

A de novo review of the jury instructions as a whole shows that they accurately informed the jury of the governing law. The jury was instructed to consider the instructions as a whole. The other instructions clearly stated that the government had the burden of proving Badilla guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The jury was instructed to consider all the evidence admitted at trial. The court charged that the jury should not assume that anything it said during the trial expressed its opinion concerning any of the issues in the case. In this context, Jury Instruction 8(f) does not undermine the jury's ability to deliberate, does not prevent the jury from considering all the evidence in the case, does not dilute the government's burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and does not shift the burden of proof to Badilla. See Cota-Meza, 367 F.3d at 1222.

Nevertheless, this court cautions, as it did in United States v. Cota-Meza, that permissive inference jury instructions run the risk of "encouraging the jury to convict on the basis of one damning fact without considering all of the other evidence." Id. As noted above, however, the other instructions largely dispelled any possibility of misunderstanding. Therefore, the district court's decision to use Jury Instruction 8(f) does not constitute an abuse of discretion in this case. Moreover, assuming, without deciding, that this Court has the authority to reverse Badilla's conviction on the basis of our supervisory power, we choose not to do so because Badilla's trial preceded this court's opinion in Cota-Meza.

B. Denial of Motion to Suppress

In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, this court looks at the evidence in a light most favorable to the government. United States v. Patten, 183 F.3d 1190, 1193 (10th Cir.1999). The ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is reviewed de novo. Id.

Badilla argues that the marijuana should have been suppressed because it was obtained in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Badilla grounds this argument on the theory that he was unlawfully stopped at the Border Patrol checkpoint, and that the officers had no reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop him otherwise. This argument is unavailing.

Badilla's Fourth Amendment r...