Atlanta Bowling Center, Inc. v. Allen

• Decision Date: 13 February 1968
• Docket Number: No. 24706.,24706.
• Citation: 389 F.2d 713
• Parties: ATLANTA BOWLING CENTER, INC. and Elizabeth Lane Johnston, Appellants, v. Ivan ALLEN, Jr., Mayor of the City of Atlanta et al., Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

389 F.2d 713 (1968)

ATLANTA BOWLING CENTER, INC. and Elizabeth Lane Johnston, Appellants, v. Ivan ALLEN, Jr., Mayor of the City of Atlanta et al., Appellees.

No. 24706.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

February 13, 1968.

John W. Chambers, Hoke Smith, Smith, Cohen, Ringel, Kohler, Martin & Lowe, Atlanta, Ga., for appellants.

John E. Dougherty, Henry L. Bowden, Atlanta, Ga., for appellees.

Before BROWN, Chief Judge, and FAHY^* and DYER, Circuit Judges.

JOHN R. BROWN, Chief Judge:

Invoking Hornsby,¹ a case mistakenly thought by too many to be a pledge that if local authorities would not, a Federal Court would, grant a liquor license, Bowling Center, Inc.,² in the name of the Constitution, sought unsuccessfully a mandatory Federal Court order compelling the Board³ to issue a license to the Boom Boom Room.

Testing that, the sole issue presented here is whether Bowling Center was denied due process and equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment in the Board's denial of a license to sell liquor by the drink in a club located in the bowling alley operated by Bowling Center in Atlanta, Georgia. The District Court, although dismissing the complaint "without prejudice" on the court-suggested ground of a lack of federal jurisdiction, in effect held that Bowling Center was not denied either due process or equal protection.⁴ We affirm, but on different grounds calling for some elaboration.

The facts, not being in dispute, may be severely capsulated. Bowling Center applied for a license to sell distilled spirits by the drink in the Boom Boom Room, a nightclub to be located in a bowling alley. The Board does not dispute that Bowling Center met the requirements such as seating capacity, moral character, and other similar standards prescribed by the City Ordinances. But on May 2, 1966, the Board by resolution denied the application for five stated reasons.⁵ The Board, acknowledging also as it must, that these reasons are not expressly articulated in the Ordinance, nonetheless asserts that all or some are within Section 5-97.⁶

On the basis of these facts, Bowling Center makes a double constitutional assault. First, it contends, the Board violated due process when it denied the license on a basis not promulgated in the ordinance. Second, either independently or as an off-shoot of the first, it asserts that the Board denied Bowling Center equal protection of the laws by granting licenses to others who meet all requirements expressed in the ordinance while denying a license to Bowling Center. As authority for these propositions, Bowling Center relies, as do all other unsuccessful aspirants,⁷ on our now famed decision in Hornsby v. Allen, 5 Cir., 1964, 326 F. 2d 605.⁸ That case,⁹ important as it is in its insistence that state licensing of activities even so traditionally amenable to the widest discretion as the liquor business is subject to the minimal demands of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process and equal protection requirements, is far from a holding that the Federal Courts sit as a super liquor board or a sort of extra-hierarchial appellate court in the stream of state jurisprudence to review non-constitutional errors of substance or procedure made by state licensing agencies.

Within the teachings of Hornsby the case comes down to whether Section 5-97 (note 6 supra) arguably furnishes a sufficient basis upon which an applicant would reasonably have to anticipate that the Board would consider and then act upon all or some of the five factors assigned for the denial. (see note 5 supra). If it does, then it meets the requirements of "ascertainable standards * * * by which an applicant can intelligently seek to qualify for a license * * *." Hornsby v. Allen, supra, 326 F.2d at 612. See Crews v. Undercofler, 5 Cir., 1967, 371 F.2d 534. And this is so even if, because of draftsmanship, this leaves open much room for interpretation, including misinterpretation, by the state agency.¹⁰

The ordinance lacks, to be sure, much in the way of precision, but we think it passes muster. Its introductory paragraph expressly emphasizes "public interest and welfare" and sub-paragraph (d) is styled "location" and speaks in terms of the relation of such location to other activities, properties and the uses of them. It is true, of course, that it does not mention bowling alleys, night clubs, family recreational centers, or the like. But to this the Board responds that it would be an impossibility to set out in the liquor ordinances all the places where it would be inappropriate for liquor to be consumed by the drink. For example, the Board points out that no provision in the ordinance prohibits selling liquor by the drink in a church, a school, or myriad other places where it is simply just not in "the public interest and welfare" for liquor to be sold.

In the setting of this case¹¹ the ordinance put the applicant on fair notice. This reading¹² of the ordinance takes into account the fact that the traditional local interest in regulating the liquor business calls for the use of broad discretion and flexible procedures. See Lewis v. City of Grand Rapids, 6 Cir., 1966, 356 F.2d 276.

To the extent the equal protection claim is not just a variation of attack already disposed of, it affords no basis for reversal. There was no factual showing that other bowling alleys contain night clubs selling liquor by the drink. Nor was there any effort to show factual circumstances on which to rest the suggestion made on brief and argument that liquor facilities at Atlanta's new stadium either permits or requires a conclusion of impermissible distinction. The Equal Protection Clause does not take the power away from the States to make classifications. It commands only that the classifications not be arbitrary. See Morey v. Doud, 1957, 354 U.S. 457, 77 S.Ct. 1344, 1 L.Ed.2d 1485. See also Mayhue v. City of Plantation, 5 Cir., 1967, 375 F.2d 447, 450.

The Bowling Center failed on the merits in its constitutional assault and the judgment must be modified accordingly (see note 4 supra).

Modified and affirmed.

*

Senior Circuit Judge of the D.C. Circuit, sitting by designation.

1 Hornsby v. Allen, 5 Cir., 1964, 326 F.2d 605.

2 Atlanta Bowling Center, Inc. The term includes Appellant, Mrs. Johnston, the agent.

3 The term as used by us covers the Board of Alderman and the Mayor.

4 Although submitted by the parties on Bowling Center's motion for summary judgment, the Judge declined to rule on it. Instead he held that Bowling Center's allegation that it was denied equal protection because of the Board's denial of a license to it while granting licenses to other applicants did not state a claim within the jurisdiction of the Court since it did not allege discrimination on grounds of race, or other classification. He rejected the claim of denial of due process since the denial of a liquor license by the Board, assigning reasons for the denial not within the ordinance, would constitute only "arbitrary" action which did not rise to constitutional proportions. The Judge also emphasized that there was no constitutional attack, as such, on the regulatory ordinance. Although we think the Judge's approach missed the thrust of Bowling Center's thesis — compliance with all standards prescribed, but license denied although not to...