Obleshchenko v. Ashcroft, 02-4123.

• Decision Date: 20 December 2004
• Docket Number: No. 02-4123.,02-4123.
• Citation: 392 F.3d 970
• Parties: Vladimir OBLESHCHENKO; Natalia Obleshchenko; Yekaterina Obleshchenko; Yelena Obleshchenko, Petitioners, v. John ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States of America, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

392 F.3d 970

Vladimir OBLESHCHENKO; Natalia Obleshchenko; Yekaterina Obleshchenko; Yelena Obleshchenko, Petitioners, v. John ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States of America, Respondent.

No. 02-4123.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: October 18, 2004.

Filed: December 20, 2004.

Patricia G. Mattos, argued, St. Paul, MN, for appellant.

James A. Hunolt, argued, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., appellee.

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, BOWMAN, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

Vladimir Obleshchenko, his wife, and his children petition for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) upholding the denial by an immigration judge (IJ) of the Obleshchenkos' applications for asylum and withholding of deportation. The Obleshchenkos argue that their counsel for the hearing before the IJ provided them with ineffective assistance and that the IJ's decision on the merits was incorrect. We affirm.

I.

Because deportation proceedings are civil and not criminal, the only possible ground for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in the current circumstances is the fifth amendment's due process clause. Nativi-Gomez v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 805, 807 (8th Cir.2003). But in order for such a claim to succeed, the Obleshchenkos must have "a protected liberty or property interest," which cannot be found in "statutorily created relief that is subject to the unfettered discretion of a governmental authority." Id. at 808-09. The statute in effect when the Obleshchenkos applied for asylum provided that, even if they qualified as refugees, the Attorney General still had discretion to deny them asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158 (1994); INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 n. 5, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987). Thus, they had no right to effective assistance with respect to their asylum claim.

Withholding deportation is another matter entirely, because deportation must be withheld if the Obleshchenkos'"li[ves] or freedom would be threatened" in the Ukraine "on account of ... religion," 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h)(1) (1994), and therefore they have a liberty interest in having their deportation withheld. We have serious doubts, however, that a fifth amendment right to counsel exists in civil deportation proceedings. Constitutional rights are rights against the government; that is, they ensure that the government will not act in a certain way. Because this is necessarily as true of rights secured by the fifth amendment as it is of any other constitutional right, we find it difficult to see how an individual, such as the Obleshchenkos' attorney, who is not a state actor, can deprive anyone of due process rights.

We are aware, however, that other circuits have held that due process can be violated by the ineffective assistance of counsel at deportation or exclusion proceedings, see, e.g., Xu Yong Lu v. Ashcroft, 259 F.3d 127, 131-32 (3d Cir.2001); Lozada v. INS, 857 F.2d 10, 13-14 (1st Cir.1988), and the government has not argued to the contrary. We therefore assume without deciding that the Obleshchenkos had a right to have their counsel effectively represent them in their withholding-of-deportation claim. Cf. Nativi-Gomez, 344 F.3d at 808 n. 1.

In order to prevail on a due-process ineffective-assistance claim, the Obleshchenkos must establish that they were prejudiced by counsel's performance, Esposito v. INS, 987 F.2d 108, 111 (2d Cir.1993) (per curiam); Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637, 638, 640 (BIA 1988), by showing that their attorney's performance was so inadequate that it "`may well have resulted in a deportation that would not otherwise have occurred.'" See United States v. Torres-Sanchez, 68 F.3d 227, 230 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting United States v. Santos-Vanegas, 878 F.2d 247, 251 (8th Cir.1989)); see also Al-Khouri v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 461, 466 (8th Cir.2004). We believe that this standard is akin to the requirement under the sixth amendment that there be "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different," where "reasonable probability" means "a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

To determine whether the Obleshchenkos have demonstrated prejudice, we ask whether there is a reasonable probability that the IJ would have altered his judgment had the Obleshchenkos been represented by what they consider competent counsel. As the IJ's order indicates, the biggest obstacle for the Obleshchenkos in proving that they faced religious persecution was the absence of a claim of religious persecution in their asylum application and the absence of corroborating evidence of religious affiliation. According to the Obleshchenkos, competent counsel would have built a record before the IJ that included both an amended application for asylum on the basis of...