Irwin v. Hawk

• Decision Date: 15 December 1994
• Docket Number: No. 92-8665,92-8665
• Citation: 40 F.3d 347
• Parties: William T. IRWIN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Kathleen M. HAWK, Director, John T. Hadden; Bryan Bledsoe; R.E. Honsted; Nate Carrington and F.E. Delegal, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 347

40 F.3d 347

William T. IRWIN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Kathleen M. HAWK, Director, John T. Hadden; Bryan Bledsoe R.E. Honsted; Nate Carrington and F.E. Delegal Defendants-Appellees.

No. 92-8665.

United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit.

Dec. 15, 1994.

William T. Irwin, Miami, FL, Peter D. Muller, Savannah, GA, for plaintiff-appellant.

Paul G. Justice, Asst. U.S. Atty., Savannah, GA, Edmund A. Booth, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., Augusta, GA, for defendants-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia.

Before BIRCH and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and JOHNSON, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

William T. Irwin appeals the dismissal of his civil rights action brought pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), and certain claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1961, et seq. For the reasons that follow we AFFIRM with the modification that the dismissal is without prejudice to Irwin's reassertion of his Bivens claims ¹ after accomplishing exhaustion of his administrative remedies.

In this case, the district court, Irwin v. Quinlan, 791 F.Supp. 301 (S.D.Ga.1992), relying upon McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1081, 117 L.Ed.2d 291 (1992), determined that Irwin's Bivens claims were susceptible to exhaustion under the Bureau of Prison's ("BOP") administrative remedy procedure, 28 C.F.R. Sec. 542.10 et seq. Where an exhaustion requirement is created by agency regulations, we review a district court's decision whether to require exhaustion for abuse of discretion. Kobleur v. Group Hospitalization & Medical Servs., Inc., 954 F.2d 705, 711 (11th Cir.1992). To determine whether a district court has abused its discretion, we consider two questions: " '(1) whether requiring exhaustion in this case would further the policies underlying the doctrine, and (2) whether any exceptions to the doctrine are applicable.' " Id. (citation omitted).

In McCarthy, the Supreme Court held that a federal prisoner who initiates a Bivens claim solely for money damages need not exhaust the grievance procedure before seeking judicial review of his claim. 503 U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1088. McCarthy reaffirmed "the general rule that parties exhaust prescribed administrative remedies before seeking relief from the federal courts." Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1086. Our court has identified the following policies underlying the exhaustion doctrine:

(1) to avoid premature interruption of the administrative process; (2) to let the agency develop the necessary factual background upon which decisions should be based; (3) to permit the agency to exercise its discretion or apply its expertise; (4) to improve the efficiency of the administrative process; (5) to conserve scarce judicial resources ...; (6) to give the agency a chance to discover and correct its own errors; and (7) to avoid the possibility that "frequent and deliberate flouting of the administrative processes could weaken the effectiveness of an agency by encouraging people to ignore its procedures."

Kobleur, 954 F.2d at 711-12 (citations omitted).

When Congress clearly prescribes an administrative remedy, application of the exhaustion requirement is not a matter of judicial discretion. McCarthy, 503 U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1086. In determining whether exhaustion is required, the Court held that "federal courts must balance the interest of the individual in retaining prompt access to a federal judicial forum against countervailing institutional interests favoring exhaustion." Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1087. Applying this standard, the Court found that

[t]he general grievance procedure [of the Bureau of Prisons] heavily burdens the individual interests of the petitioning inmate in two ways. First, the procedure imposes short, successive filing deadlines that create a high risk of forfeiture of a claim for failure to comply. Second, the administrative "remedy" does not authorize an award of monetary damages--the only relief requested by [the inmate] in this action.

Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1090. On the other hand, the Court did not find the interests of the Bureau of Prisons to weigh heavily in favor of exhaustion in McCarthy. Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1092. Consequently, the Court held that exhaustion was not required when an inmate seeks solely monetary relief. Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1088.

The Court in McCarthy, however, explicitly reserved ruling on whether an exhaustion of remedies requirement is appropriate in a case such as Irwin's, where the inmate seeks both monetary and injunctive relief. In a footnote to its opinion, the Court stated:

Petitioner concedes that if his complaint contained a prayer for injunctive relief, exhaustion principles would apply differently. Were injunctive relief sought, the grievance procedure probably would be capable of producing the type of corrective action desired. Additionally, because of the continuing nature of conduct subject to injunctive relief, the short filing deadlines would pose less difficulty because the limitations period would be triggered anew by ongoing conduct.

Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1091 n. 5 (citation omitted).

In Caraballo-Sandoval v. Honsted, 35 F.3d 521 (11th Cir.1994) (per curiam), the prisoner sought both monetary and injunctive relief alleging that "prison officials placed [him] in dry cell and administrative detention status without following proper procedures, and retaliated against him for securing an approved special visit for [his wife]." Id. at 524. We held that the district court properly dismissed the prisoner's claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Id. at 525. Attempting to distinguish Caraballo-Sandoval, Irwin argues that assuming that his allegations have merit and "that the Director [of Prisons] himself and his wardens were involved in the various injuries to Mr. Irwin, it would be utterly naive to believe that the administrative process could possibly benefit Mr. Irwin in any way." Appellant's Supplemental Brief at 11.

Essentially, Irwin argues that it would be futile to pursue BOP administrative procedures because of the bias of the administrative process, an exceptional example noted in McCarthy when an administrative remedy may be inadequate. 503 U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1088. The Seventh Circuit rejected a prisoner's contention that exhaustion would be futile because "the higher-ups in the Bureau of Prisons are bound to turn down [his] remaining requests for relief, just as they turned down his other claims," by observing:

No doubt denial is the likeliest outcome, but that is not sufficient reason for waiving the...