U.S. v. Harp

Decision Date04 May 2005
Docket NumberNo. 03-4817.,03-4817.
Citation406 F.3d 242
PartiesUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Johnny Craig HARP, Defendant-Appellant.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

ARGUED: John A. Dusenbury, Jr., Assistant Federal Public Defender, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Lawrence Patrick Auld, Office of the United States Attorney, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Louis C. Allen, III, Federal Public Defender, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Anna Mills Wagoner, United States Attorney, Angela H. Miller, Assistant United States Attorney, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Before WILKINS, Chief Judge, and WIDENER and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge WILKINS wrote the opinion, in which Judge WIDENER and Judge TRAXLER joined.

OPINION

WILLIAM W. WILKINS, Chief Judge:

Johnny Craig Harp appeals his sentence for using a dangerous weapon in committing a bank robbery. See 18 U.S.C.A. § 2113(d) (West 2000). We affirm.

I.

Harp pleaded guilty to the offense of conviction pursuant to a written plea agreement. The presentence report placed Harp's base offense level at 20. See United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B3.1(a) (2002). Harp received a two-level enhancement under § 2B3.1(b)(1) because the property of a financial institution was taken, and a three-level enhancement under § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E) because he possessed a dangerous weapon during the commission of the robbery. Additionally, because Harp had previously been convicted of robbery with a dangerous weapon and felonious possession with the intent to distribute marijuana, he was designated a career offender, and his offense level was increased to 34. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. The district court reduced this offense level by three levels for acceptance of responsibility, see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, resulting in a total offense level of 31. Because of the career offender designation, Harp's Criminal History Category was VI, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b), producing a guideline range of 188-235 months. On the Government's motion, the district court departed downward to account for Harp's substantial assistance in the prosecution of his codefendant, see U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1, p.s., sentencing Harp to 128 months' imprisonment.

II.

Harp maintains that the district court erred in concluding that he met the requirements for designation as a career offender. Because Harp raises this claim for the first time on appeal, we review for plain error. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-32, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993). To establish plain error, Harp must show that an error occurred, that the error was plain, and that the error affected his substantial rights. See Olano, 507 U.S. at 732, 113 S.Ct. 1770. Even if Harp makes this three-part showing, correction of the error remains within our discretion, which we "should not exercise ... unless the error `seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15, 105 S.Ct. 1038, 84 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985)) (second alteration in original).

For Harp to be designated a career offender, the Government must establish (1) that Harp was at least 18 at the time of the instant offense, (2) that the instant offense is a felony that is either a "crime of violence" or a "controlled substance offense," and (3) that Harp had at least two prior felony convictions for either a "crime of violence" or a "controlled substance offense." U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). Harp concedes that the Government established the first two requirements, but he argues that one of his prior convictions considered by the district court—a July 16, 2001 North Carolina conviction for possession with the intent to distribute marijuana—was not a "controlled substance offense" because it was not "punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year." U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b).1 To determine whether a conviction is for a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year, we consider the law in effect at the time of the conviction. See United States v. Johnson, 114 F.3d 435, 445 (4th Cir.1997); see also United States v. Norris, 319 F.3d 1278, 1281-83 (10th Cir.2003) (holding, in the context of determining the sufficiency of an indictment charging possession of a firearm by a felon, that a Kansas conviction was punishable by a term of more than one year because the Kansas sentencing scheme allowed upward departure to a sentence greater than one year for the prior offense; finding it was immaterial that, after the defendant was convicted of the prior offense, the Kansas Supreme Court held that the Kansas scheme for permitting upward departures was unconstitutional under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000)).

Harp maintains that because the specific facts of his case did not provide any basis for imposition of a sentence exceeding one year, his prior conviction was not for an offense punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than one year. He explains that although the maximum aggravated punishment for possession with the intent to distribute marijuana, a Class I felony, is 15 months, the maximum non-aggravated punishment is only 12 months. See N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-1340.17(c), (d) (LexisNexis 2003). But this court has already rejected such an individualized analysis in United States v. Jones, 195 F.3d 205 (4th Cir.1999), in construing statutory language essentially identical to the language of § 4B1.2(b). In Jones, we held, in the context of a felon-in-possession-of-firearm conviction, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(1) (West 2000), that a prior North Carolina conviction was for "a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year," id., if any defendant charged with that crime could receive a sentence of more than one year. See Jones, 195 F.3d at 206-07. In so doing, we reasoned:

[I]n § 922(g)(1), "punishable" is an adjective used to describe "crime." As such, it is more closely linked to the conduct, the crime, than it is to the individual convicted of the conduct. Congress could have written § 922(g)(1) differently had it intended to focus on the individual in particular rather than the crime for which the individual was convicted. Instead of the phrase, "individual convicted ... of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year," Congress could have used the phrase, "individual punished by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year" or even "individual sentenced for imprisonment for a term exceeding one year."

Id. at 207 (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original). Thus, to determine whether a conviction is for a crime punishable by a prison term exceeding one year, Jones dictates that we consider the maximum aggravated sentence that could be imposed for that crime upon a defendant with the worst possible criminal history. See id. at 206-08.

Harp contends that this analysis is no longer appropriate because, in light of Blakely v. Washington, ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights are violated when he is sentenced under North Carolina law based on aggravating factors that were neither admitted by the defendant nor found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt, see State v. Allen, 601 S.E.2d 299, 306 (N.C.Ct.App.), review allowed, 359 N.C. 70, 603 S.E.2d 799 (2004). We do not agree. Even were we to ignore the fact that Blakely had not been decided at the time of Harp's prior conviction,2 but see Johnson, 114 F.3d at 445; Norris, 319 F.3d at 1281-83, we would still conclude that Blakely did not prevent his drug crime from being punishable by a prison term of more than one year. That is because the Sixth Amendment principle announced in Apprendi — and applied in Blakely and United States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005)—pertains only to the "process by which the elements of [a] crime and other relevant facts must be determined." United States v. McAllister, 272 F.3d 228, 232 (4th Cir.2001). North Carolina courts have already concluded that the state sentencing regime can accommodate the process that Blakely demands. See State v. Harris, 602 S.E.2d 697, 702 (N.C.Ct.App.) (concluding that aggravating factors may be used to impose a sentence beyond the presumptive term if the factors are found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt or stipulated to by the defendant or if the defendant waives his right to a jury trial), temporary stay allowed, 359 N.C. 193, 605 S.E.2d 472 (2004); cf. State v. Lucas, 353 N.C. 568, 548 S.E.2d 712, 731-32 (2001) (holding that firearm enhancement could be used to increase the "statutory maximum" sentence if the facts supporting the enhancement are charged in an indictment and found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. McNair, 146 N.C.App. 674, 554 S.E.2d 665, 671 (2001) (same). Thus, there continues to be no constitutional prohibition to imposing a prison term exceeding one year for the crime of which Harp was convicted. We therefore conclude that Harp's drug conviction was properly considered to be for a "controlled substance offense."

III.

Harp also argues that his constitutional rights were violated when the district court determined that he was a career offender without the elements of that designation having been charged in an indictment.3 Because this allegation of error also was not preserved in the district court, we again review for plain error. We need not determine whether the district court plainly erred in this manner and affected Harp's substantial rights in so doing, because even if it did, we would not exercise our discretion to notice the error. See United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 633-34, 122 S.Ct. 1781, 152 L.Ed.2d 860 (2002) (holding that sentence exceeding maximum...

To continue reading

Request your trial
609 cases
  • In re Carachuri-Rosendo
    • United States
    • U.S. DOJ Board of Immigration Appeals
    • December 13, 2007
    ...even absent an actual federal charge or conviction. United States v. Williams, supra, at 541 (emphasis added); see also United States v. Harp, 406 F.3d 242 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 919 (2005). In short, the court in Williams, in accord with the Seventh Circuit's decision in United......
  • Tillman v. Rickard, Case No. 1:18-cv-o1244
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Southern District of West Virginia
    • March 2, 2020
    ......        In Simmons , the Fourth Circuit overruled its prior authority in United States v . Harp , 406 F.3d 242 (4th Cir. 2005), and held that, in determining whether a sentencing enhancement was appropriate under the Controlled Substances Act ......
  • United States v. Surratt
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (4th Circuit)
    • July 31, 2015
    ......Simmons, 649 F.3d 237 (4th Cir.2011) (en banc), which in turn overruled our prior decision in United States v. Harp, 406 F.3d 242 (4th Cir.2005). Had Surratt been sentenced after Simmons, he would have faced a lower mandatory minimum sentence than the mandatory ... Pettiford's broader view, however, we still cannot call Surratt “actually innocent.” “[A]ctual innocence,” the Supreme Court has told us, “means factual innocence, not mere legal insufficiency.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623, 118 S.Ct. 1604, 140 L.Ed.2d 828 (1998) ; ......
  • United States v. Foote
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (4th Circuit)
    • April 27, 2015
    ...aggravated sentence that could be imposed for that crime upon a defendant with the worst possible criminal history.” United States v. Harp, 406 F.3d 242, 246 (4th Cir.2005) (second emphasis supplied). Appellant's 1995 conviction was for a Class H felony, see N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90–95(a)(1), (b......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT