United States v. Chapman, 30168 Summary Calendar.

• Citation: 435 F.2d 1245
• Decision Date: 04 February 1971
• Docket Number: No. 30168 Summary Calendar.,30168 Summary Calendar.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Don Garriga CHAPMAN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

435 F.2d 1245 (1970)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Don Garriga CHAPMAN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 30168 Summary Calendar.^*

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

December 18, 1970.

Rehearing Denied February 4, 1971.

Tom Gilman, Tallahassee, Fla. (Ct. Apptd.), for appellant.

Stewart J. Carrouth, Asst. U. S. Atty., William Stafford, U. S. Atty., Tallahassee, Fla., for appellee.

Before GEWIN, GOLDBERG, and DYER, Circuit Judges.

DYER, Circuit Judge:

From a judgment entered on a jury conviction for violating 18 U.S.C.A. § 2113(a),¹ Chapman appeals. We focus on two errors which he asserts: First, that the trial judge erroneously permitted the prosecuting attorney to elicit from a witness that Chapman said nothing at the time of apprehension; second, that the lower court erroneously permitted the prosecuting attorney to cross-examine Chapman as to his failure to call his companions during the night of the alleged crime as witnesses. We affirm.

A city patrolman arriving at the Parkway National Bank where he had been directed to go heard a scraping noise in the stairwell behind the bank. He then saw Chapman removing a crowbar from the door. Chapman attempted to hide by crouching in the corner of the stairwell and the patrolman arrested him.

During the trial, after the patrolman related what occurred, the prosecuting attorney asked whether Chapman said anything immediately after the arrest. The officer replied in the negative. Defense counsel's objection to the inquiry was overruled.

Whether testimony as to the accused's silence is prejudicial must be considered in the factual context of each case. Here Chapman objects to a single question requiring merely a yes or no answer — to which the prosecutor offered no comment. Under these circumstances neither the question nor its answer infringed Chapman's fifth amendment rights. Cf. United States v. Pridgen, 5 Cir. 1970, 435 F.2d 152. Defense counsel's assertion that the question propounded at the trial necessitated an explanation of the accused's presence at the bank is without merit.

Chapman testified on his own behalf. He contended that two companions had borrowed his car, which was found in the vicinity of the bank, and claimed that they must have used his crowbar in an attempt to enter the bank: it was thus happenstance, Chapman claims, that he was apprehended at a basement entrance to the bank with a crowbar in his hands. After completion of direct and cross-examination, and after a short recess, defense counsel recalled Chapman to the stand "for one question before I rest." He asked whether the two companions were in the hall outside during the recess. Chapman answered affirmatively. The prosecutor then asked Chapman whether he had subpoenaed the two boys; there was a negative response. Chapman was then asked whether he would like to have them made available. Defense counsel objected. The trial judge immediately told the jury that if there were any witnesses in the courtroom either the Government or the Defendant had the right to call them. In their closing arguments, both counsel alluded to the fact that the other side had not called these witnesses and concluded that this buttressed their positions.

On appeal, Chapman argues that the prosecutor's cross-examination and closing argument could have only one implication: Chapman did not wish to call these men, whom the Government had subpoenaed but did not use, because they would refute his testimony. He contends that the District Judge erred in allowing the prosecutor to leave this impression with the jury.

The long-standing rule in this circuit is that any inference from a party's failure to call a certain witness equally available to both parties is impermissible. McClanahan v. United States, 5 Cir. 1956, 230 F.2d 919, 925, cert. denied, 1956, 352 U.S. 824, 77 S.Ct. 33, 1 L.Ed.2d 47. However, mere physical presence at the trial or accessibility for service of a subpoena does not determine a potential witness's availability. Rather, his availability may well depend, among other...