Brough v. United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO

Decision Date29 January 1971
Docket NumberNo. 7693,7694.,7693
Citation437 F.2d 748
PartiesGeorge K. BROUGH, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. UNITED STEELWORKERS OF AMERICA, AFL-CIO, Defendant, Appellee and Third Party Plaintiff, Appellant, v. CARPENTER & PATERSON, INC., Third Party Defendant, Appellee.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

James J. Kalled, Wolfeboro, N.H., for George K. Brough.

E. Donald Dufresne, Manchester, N. H., with whom Devine, Millimet, McDonough, Stahl & Branch, Manchester, N.H., was on brief, for Carpenter & Paterson, Inc. George H. Cohen, Washington, D.C., with whom Elliot Bredhoff, Michael H. Gottesman, Bredhoff, Gottesman & Cohen, Washington, D.C., Richard F. Upton, Upton, Sanders & Upton, Concord, N.H., and Bernard Kleiman were on brief, for United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO.

Before ALDRICH, Chief Judge, McENTEE and COFFIN, Circuit Judges.

ALDRICH, Chief Judge.

Plaintiff Brough, a resident of New Hampshire and an employee of Carpenter & Paterson, Inc., a New Hampshire corporation, was injured while operating an allegedly faulty machine, and received Workmen's Compensation benefits. He brought suit for negligence in the state court against the union, a local of the United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, with whom the employer had a collective bargaining agreement. The complaint relied upon an asserted New Hampshire common law principle that an employer's safety advisors, regardless of their motivation or contractual relationship, are subject to tort liability if their machinery inspection negligently fails to discover a defect, with the result that an employee is injured.1 The union removed to the district court, claiming that any duty it owed plaintiff was derived from the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, and hence the cause of action was one arising under federal law. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1337, 1441. Plaintiff's motion to remand was denied. The union then moved for summary judgment. This motion was granted, without opinion, and plaintiff appeals.

For a suit to be one that arises under the laws of the United States, so as to confer original or removal jurisdiction on the federal courts, it must appear on the face of the complaint that resolution of the case depends upon a federal question. E. g., Pan American Petroleum Corp. v. Superior Court, 1961, 366 U.S. 656, 663, 81 S.Ct. 1303, 6 L.Ed.2d 584; Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 1950, 339 U.S. 667, 672, 70 S.Ct. 876, 94 L.Ed. 1194, and cases cited. The fact that a defense to the action may raise a federal question, see n. 1, ante, is immaterial. Louisville & N. R. R. v. Mottley, 1908, 211 U.S. 149, 29 S.Ct. 42, 53 L.Ed. 126; Tennessee v. Union & Planters' Bank, 1894, 152 U.S. 454, 14 S.Ct. 654, 38 L. Ed. 511. It is also irrelevant that plaintiff may, in fact, have no valid state cause of action, but at best only a federal one; he is free to select the suit he will bring. The Fair v. Kohler Die & Specialty Co., 1913, 228 U.S. 22, 33 S. Ct. 410, 57 L.Ed. 716; cf. Great Northern Ry. v. Alexander, 1918, 246 U.S. 276, 282, 38 S.Ct. 237, 62 L.Ed. 713. The original complaint, pointedly based upon the assertion of common law rights and raising solely issues of state law, was not removable.

Denial of remand is a non-appealable interlocutory order, and a plaintiff whose request has been rejected does not waive his objection by then proceeding with his case in the ordinary course. This is so not only where the ground for the motion is lack of subject matter jurisdiction, which cannot be waived, but also where the ground is only a modal defect. Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, v. McCabe, 2 Cir., 1918, 250 F. 699, cert. denied 247 U.S. 505, 38 S.Ct. 427, 62 L.Ed. 1240; see Ex parte Roe, 1914, 234 U.S. 70, 34 S.Ct. 722, 58 L.Ed. 1217; cf. Thomas v. Great Northern Ry., 9 Cir., 1906, 147 F. 83, 86-87. Plaintiff did not proceed simply on the basis of his original theory of recovery, however. He amended his complaint to add a second count, alleging breach of the union's duty of fair representation, a duty that obviously arises under federal law. E. g., Vaca v. Sipes, 1967, 386 U.S. 171, 87 S.Ct. 903, 17 L.Ed.2d 842; de Arroyo v. Sindicato de Trabajadores Packinghouse, 1 Cir., 1970, 425 F.2d 281, cert. denied 400 U.S. 877, 91 S.Ct. 121, 27 L.Ed.2d 115. This amendment had the effect of curing the defect in the district court's jurisdiction. Indeed, had such an amendment been made while the parties were in the state court, the case would have been immediately removable. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). Clearly plaintiff cannot be permitted to invoke the jurisdiction of the federal court, and then disclaim it when he loses. We must regard his decision to amend to be a waiver of any objection to the denial of remand. The case was, therefore, properly before the district court for disposition.

Granting summary judgment for the defendant on the second count, added by the amendment, was correct. The Labor Management Relations Act imposes upon the exclusive bargaining representative only a duty of good faith representation, not a general duty of due care. SeeFigueroa de Arroyo, ante. Plaintiff's affidavits suggest no failure to meet this federal...

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    ...in the District Court to dismiss the complaint and remand the case to State Court. 351 F.2d at 167-68. In Brough v. United Steelworkers of America, 437 F.2d 748, 750 (1st Cir.1971), the First Circuit, citing Murphy v. Kodz, directed the district court to remand to state court a case compris......
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