United States v. Miah

• Decision Date: 19 December 1977
• Docket Number: Crim. No. 76-587.
• Citation: 444 F. Supp. 996
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America v. Leroy MIAH.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania

444 F. Supp. 996

UNITED STATES of America v. Leroy MIAH.

Crim. No. 76-587.

United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania.

December 19, 1977.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

David W. Marston, U. S. Atty. by Luther E. Weaver, III, Asst. U. S. Atty., Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiff.

Robert F. Simone, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

CAHN, District Judge.

INTRODUCTION

This is a motion to suppress physical evidence seized from defendant Leroy Miah's home on November 4, 1976, and to suppress a statement made to FBI agents subsequent to defendant's being informed of his Miranda rights. While I find that the government has committed several technical errors in its conduct of the investigation of the defendant, I conclude that these are insufficient to support defendant's position. Accordingly, the motions to suppress are denied.

FINDINGS OF FACTS

On November 4, 1976, agents of the FBI obtained a warrant to search the home of defendant Miah for evidence of illegal gambling activities. The magistrate issued the warrant on the basis of the sworn affidavit of Special Agent Ernest Odom. Agent Odom in his affidavit relied upon information furnished by two confidential informants and upon corroborating FBI evidence.

The FBI executed the warrant in a timely fashion. At approximately 4:10 p. m., Special Agents Sherwood and Stokes, backed up by over a dozen other agents armed with guns and sledge hammers, approached the entrance of defendant's home. As Agent Stokes hit the transparent storm door once with his hand and yelled "FBI", the agents observed the defendant in the hallway. Agent Stokes called out the defendant's name and identified himself as "FBI". The defendant — perhaps frightened by the mob of armed agents outside the door — turned and fled. Without identifying themselves further, the agents entered the premises and pursued the defendant. In the process of doing so, the agents forcibly broke an inner door which someone had closed behind the defendant.

After entering, the agents searched the premises for gambling paraphernalia. In the process, they uncovered a pistol which is in part the subject of this motion to suppress. Although the defendant had been informed of his Miranda rights, including the right to remain silent, he responded to a question by Agent Stokes by stating that he was "keeping" the gun "for a friend". Defendant apparently seeks to suppress the statement as well as the search.

On December 14, 1976, defendant was indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(h)(1), relating to unlawful receipt of a firearm. On October 3, 1977, I held a hearing on defendant's motion to suppress and entered an order permitting the government and the defendant to submit supplemental briefs on the issues raised during the hearing. Upon consideration of the evidence introduced and the memoranda submitted to me, I now conclude that defendant's motion must be denied.

ISSUES

Defendant's motion raises the following issues:

1. Was the search warrant issued without probable cause?

2. Was the manner of the FBI's entry into defendant's premises unlawful?

3. Was Agent Odom's failure to sign his affidavit a sufficient defect in the affidavit to nullify the warrant issued in reliance upon it?

4. Was the FBI authorized to execute the warrant, which was addressed to the "U.S. Marshal or his authorized agent"?

5. Was defendant's statement obtained in violation of Miranda v. Arizona?

DISCUSSION

I. Probable Cause.

The fourth amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures does not preclude the issuance of warrants based on information provided by confidential informants. Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 269, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960). The sole requirement imposed by the prohibition is that an affidavit supporting such a warrant must disclose facts from which the magistrate can infer that the informant is reliable and that the information received from him in the particular case is credible. Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 415-7, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969); Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114-5, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964); United States v. Armocida, 515 F.2d 29, 36 (3d Cir. 1969).

Agent Odom's affidavit in the instant case was based primarily on information supplied by two confidential informants, identified as CS # 1 and CS # 2. The affidavit set forth that both informants were personally known to the FBI and had proven reliable on specific occasions in the past.¹ These assertions were sufficient to satisfy the requirement that the informant be "reliable". See United States v. Rollins, 522 F.2d 160, 164 (2d Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 918, 96 S.Ct. 1122, 47 L.Ed.2d 324 (1976); United States v. Gimelstob, 475 F.2d 157, 159 (3d Cir. 1963), cert. denied 414 U.S. 828, 94 S.Ct. 49, 38 L.Ed.2d 62 (1964); United States v. Teti, 422 F.Supp. 128, 132 (E.D.Pa.1976); United States v. Fina, 405 F.Supp. 267, 271 (E.D.Pa.1975).

The affidavit also provided facts from which the magistrate could infer credibility. The information provided by the informants was specific. CS # 1 informed the FBI that he personally knew the defendant, had been in his home, and had discussed a numbers scheme with the defendant there. In addition, CS # 1 disclosed details of defendant's gambling operation: for example, the number of the defendant's employees, his gross receipts and the existence of gambling records in his home. CS # 1's information was corroborated by the FBI agents. They confirmed unlisted telephone numbers allegedly used by CS # 1 in contacting the defendant to discuss gambling work and observed a "stream" of entrants — allegedly numbers writers working for Miah — entering defendant's home at the times predicted by CS # 1. CS # 1's information was further corroborated by the information of CS # 2, which included substantially identical details of defendant's gambling operations.

This information, including the declarations by the informants against their own self interest and corroborating evidence, was sufficient to establish probable cause. See Harris v. United States, 403 U.S. 573, 579-80, 91 S.Ct. 2075, 29 L.Ed.2d 723 (1971). It is not incumbent upon investigating agents, prior to obtaining a search warrant, to corroborate every item disclosed by informants. They need obtain only sufficient information to show probable cause that the defendant has committed a crime and probable cause that evidence of the crime will be found at the location stated in the warrant. See Spinelli v. United States, supra, 393 U.S. at 419, 89 S.Ct. 584; Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959); United States v. Gimelstob, supra, at 160. Under the circumstances of this case, where the FBI agents obtained and corroborated "reliable" informant information, they could not have been expected to do more.

II. Entry of the Agents.

Defendant contends that the failure of Agents Stokes and Sherwood to introduce themselves fully and wait for voluntary admission or a refusal to admit them to the premises violated 18 U.S.C. § 3109 and thus rendered the search invalid. I disagree.

The facts developed at the hearing disclose that the agents acted in a reasonable manner. They began to identify their purpose by knocking on the door and by introducing themselves. At that point they noticed the defendant inside the premises and saw him flee. While the defendant may have fled out of a justifiable fear of the armed men outside his door, it was equally justifiable for the agents to enter without further self-identification. Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 39-41, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 10 L.Ed.2d 726 (1962). The actions of the defendant were tantamount to a refusal of admission. United States v. James, 528 F.2d 999, 1017 (5th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, Henry v. U. S., 429 U.S. 959, 97 S.Ct. 382, 50 L.Ed.2d 326, rehearing denied, Austin v. United States, 429 U.S. 959, 97 S.Ct. 383, 50 L.Ed.2d 326 (1977); United States v. Woodring, 444 F.2d 749, 750-751 (9th Cir. 1971); United States v. Chambers, 382 F.2d 910, 916 (3d Cir. 1966); United States v. West, 328 F.2d 16, 18 (2d Cir. 1964). The agents had every reason to suspect the necessity of preventing Miah from fleeing to arm himself or destroy evidence located on the premises. United States v. White, 168 U.S.App.D.C. 309, 310-311, 514 F.2d 205, 206-7 (1975); United States v. Singleton, 439 F.2d 381, 385-6 (3d Cir. 1971). Their entry for the purpose of doing so was proper.

The two cases cited by the defendant do not mandate suppression. Defendant himself notes, at page 11 of his Memorandum, that Miller v. United States, 357 U.S. 301, 78 S.Ct. 1190, 2 L.Ed.2d 1332 (1958), enunciated a reasonableness standard for forcible police entry. I have found that the agents acted reasonably under the circumstances of this case. See Ker v. California, supra. Furthermore, unlike the agents in Miller, Agents Stokes and Sherwood attempted to identify themselves and their purpose, but were interrupted from doing so by the exigent circumstances created by defendant's flight. Thus Miller is inapposite to the facts at issue here.

Nor does United States v. Teti, supra, support defendant's position. In Teti, Judge Bechtle specifically based his suppression ruling on the entry of FBI agents who did not wait for a response by the residents of the premises sufficient to support an inference that voluntary admission would be refused. However reasonable the flight of the defendant in this case may have been, it necessarily implied that admission was refused. Accordingly, the agents were entitled to enter in a prompt manner, both in order to secure their own safety and in order to assure that evidence of defendant's suspected crimes would not be destroyed.²See United States v. Singleton, supra; Stamps v. United States, 436 F.2d 1059 (9th Cir. 1971).

III. Failure to Sign Affidavit.

Agent Odom appeared before a...