Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh Produce, N.A., Inc., No. 04-10234.

• Decision Date: 23 June 2006
• Docket Number: No. 04-10234.
• Citation: 452 F.3d 1284
• Parties: Angel Enrique Villeda ALDANA, Jorge Augustin Palma Romero, Oscar Leonel Guerra Evans, Lyionhel McIntosh Rodriguez, Marel Martinez, Gumerzindo Loyo Martinez, Rigoberto Alvayero Hernandez, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. DEL MONTE FRESH PRODUCE, N.A., INC., Bandegua, Compania De Desarrollo De Guatemala, Fresh Del Monte Produce, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1284

452 F.3d 1284

Angel Enrique Villeda ALDANA, Jorge Augustin Palma Romero, Oscar Leonel Guerra Evans, Lyionhel McIntosh Rodriguez, Marel Martinez, Gumerzindo Loyo Martinez, Rigoberto Alvayero Hernandez, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. DEL MONTE FRESH PRODUCE, N.A., INC., Bandegua, Compania De Desarrollo De Guatemala, Fresh Del Monte Produce, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 04-10234.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

June 23, 2006.

Jeffrey S. Vogt, Natacha Thys, Intern. Labor Rights Fund, Washington, DC, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Brian Joseph Stack, Robert Harris, Stack, Fernandez, Anderson & Harris, P.A., Miami, FL, for Defendants-Appellees.

Matthew J. Eisenbrandt, Center for Justice & Accountability, San Francisco, CA, for Amicus Curiae.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (No. 01-3399-CV-FAM); Federico A. Moreno, Judge.

ON PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, and TJOFLAT, ANDERSON, BIRCH, DUBINA, BLACK, CARNES, BARKETT, HULL, MARCUS, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

ORDER:

The Court having been polled at the request of one of the members of the Court and a majority of the Circuit Judges who are in regular active service not having voted in favor of it (Rule 35, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure; Eleventh Circuit Rule 35-5), the Suggestion of Rehearing En Banc is DENIED.

BARKETT, Circuit Judge, Dissenting from the Denial of Rehearing En Banc:

In concluding that there is no cause of action for a claim of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment under the Alien Tort Claims Act ("ATCA"), 28 U.S.C. § 1350, the panel fails to follow the analysis established by the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 124 S.Ct. 2739, 159 L.Ed.2d 718 (2004). Because I believe this creates a "precedent-setting error of exceptional importance" and is "in direct conflict with precedent of the Supreme Court," en banc consideration is warranted and I dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc. See 11th Cir. R. 35-3.

The ATCA grants federal district courts original jurisdiction over any civil action "by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (emphasis added). Sosa held that a cause of action may be recognized under the ATCA if a claim "based on the present-day law of nations . . . rest[s] on a norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th-century paradigms we have recognized." Sosa, 542 U.S. at 728, 124 S.Ct. 2739.

The Court in Sosa directed that ATCA claims "must be gauged against the current state of international law, looking to those sources we have long, albeit cautiously, recognized." Id. at 733, 124 S.Ct. 2739. It explained that:

[W]here there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision, resort must be had to the customs and usages of civilized nations; and, as evidence of these, to the works of jurists and commentators, who by years of labor, research and experience, have made themselves peculiarly well acquainted with the subjects of which they treat. Such works are resorted to by judicial tribunals, not for the speculations of their authors concerning what the law ought to be, but for trustworthy evidence of what the law really is.

Id. at 734, 124 S.Ct. 2739 (quoting The Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677, 700, 20 S.Ct. 290, 44 L.Ed. 320 (1900)) (alteration in original).¹ The Court then applied its directive and looked to various international law sources, including binding treaties, customary international norms, and authoritative statements, such as the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law, to determine whether there was a violation of the "present-day law of nations." Id. at 736-37, 20 S.Ct. 290.

The panel, however, failed to follow the analysis set forth in Sosa.² When one looks to the sources of international law identified in Sosa — treaties, judicial decisions, the practice of governments, and the opinions of international law scholars — it is clear that there exists a universal, definable, and obligatory prohibition against cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, which is therefore actionable under the ATCA.

First, numerous restatements, declarations, conventions, and treaties find that cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment is proscribed by customary international law. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 5, G.A. Res. 217A(III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., 1st plen. mtg., U.N. Doc. A/810 (Dec. 12, 1948) ("[N]o one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ("ICCPR") art. 7, Dec. 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, 175 ("No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment."); Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, pmbl., arts. 1, 16, Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-20, 1465 U.N.T.S. 113, 116 ("Each State Party shall undertake to prevent in any territory under its jurisdiction other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment which do not amount to torture as defined in article 1."); American Convention on Human Rights, art. 5, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123 (entered into force July 18, 1978); Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, art. 1, G.A. Res. 3452, U.N. Doc. A/10034 (Dec. 9, 1975) ("Any act of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is an offense to human dignity[.]"); Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States § 702 (1987) ("A state violates international law if . . . it practices, encourages or condones. . . cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment").

Second, numerous regional human rights instruments and cases from the International Court of Justice ("ICJ"), European Court of Human Rights ("ECHR"), the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ("IACHR"), and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ("ACHPR") also recognize the prohibition of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. See African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, art. 5, June 27, 1981, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982); European Convention on Human Rights, art. 3, Nov. 4, 1950, E.T.S. no. 005; American Convention on Human Rights, July 18, 1978, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123; Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo, 2002 I.C.J. 219 (July 10, 2002), 2002 WL 32912050; Media Rights Agenda v. Nigeria, Comm. No. 224/98 (ACHPR 2000), available at www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/224-98.html; Huri-Laws v. Nigeria, Comm. No. 225/98 (ACHPR 2000), available at www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/225-98.html; McKenzie v. Jamaica, Case No. 12.023 (IACHR 2000), available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/76-02-98.html; Valladares v. Ecuador, Case No. 11.778 (IACHR 1998); Congo v. Ecuador, Case No. 11.427 (I.A.C.H.R.1997), available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/1996/ecuador/12-97.htm; Ireland v. United Kingdom, 2 E.H.R.R. 25 (1979); Affidavit of International Law Scholars on the Status of Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment, Crimes Against Humanity and Arbitrary Detention under International Law at 18-29, Doe I v. Liu Qi, 349 F.Supp.2d 1258 (N.D.Cal.2004), available at http://www.cja.org/cases/Liuqi_Docs/Liuqi_ILAff.html (illustrating array of acts that courts around the world have found to be cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment).

Third, U.S. law and international policy makes abstention from cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment an expectation of all states and reinforces such abstention as an explicit global norm. See 7 U.S.C. § 1733(j) (prohibiting agricultural commodities to countries that practice cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment); 22 U.S.C. § 262d(a)(1) (stating U.S. policy is to channel international assistance away from countries that practice cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment); 22 U.S.C. § 2151n (prohibiting development assistance to countries that practice cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment); 22 U.S.C. § 2304 (prohibiting security assistance to countries that practice cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment).

Fourth, numerous U.S. courts have concluded that the prohibition against cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment is a norm of customary international law. See de Sanchez v. Banco Central de Nicar., 770 F.2d 1385, 1397 (5th Cir.1985) (recognizing a "right not to be. . . subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment" as incorporated into international law); Doe v. Qi, 349 F.Supp.2d 1258 (N.D.Cal.2004) (post-Sosa decision stating that cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment has been condemned by numerous sources of international law and holding that conduct sufficiently egregious may be found to constitute cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment under the ATCA); Tachiona v. Mugabe, 234 F.Supp.2d 401, 437 (S.D.N.Y.2002) ("That it may present difficulties to pinpoint precisely where on the spectrum of atrocities the shades of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment bleed into torture should not detract from what really goes to the essence of any uncertainty: that, distinctly classified or not, the infliction of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment by agents of the state, as closely akin to or adjunct of torture, is universally condemned and renounced as offending internationally recognized norms of civilized conduct."); Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., No. 96 Civ. 8386(KMW), 2002 WL 319887, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.28, 2002) (holding cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment actionable under ATCA); Jama v. I.N.S., 22...