Williams v. Consovoy

• Decision Date: 29 June 2006
• Docket Number: No. 04-3569.,04-3569.
• Citation: 453 F.3d 173
• Parties: John C. WILLIAMS, Appellant v. Andrew CONSOVOY; Rolando Gomez-Rivera; Rachel Torres-Chowaniec; Ruby Washington; Don E. Gibbons; Kevin Mahoney; New Jersey State Parole Board.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

453 F.3d 173

John C. WILLIAMS, Appellant v. Andrew CONSOVOY; Rolando Gomez-Rivera; Rachel Torres-Chowaniec; Ruby Washington; Don E. Gibbons; Kevin Mahoney; New Jersey State Parole Board.

No. 04-3569.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) June 29, 2006.

Filed June 29, 2006.

Stephen M. Latimer, Loughlin & Latimer, Hackensack, NJ, for Appellant.

Zulima V. Farber, Attorney General of New Jersey, Lisa A. Puglisi, Deputy Attorney General, Patrick DeAlmeida, Assistant Attorney General, Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex, Trenton, NJ, for Appellees Andrew Consovoy, Rolando Gomex-Rivera, Rachel Torres-Chowaniec, Ruby

Washington, Kevin Mahoney, and the New Jersey State Parole Board.

Daniel R. Esposito, Kalison, McBride, Jackson & Murphy, P.A., Warren, NJ, for Appellee Donald E. Gibbons, Ph.D.

Before: BARRY, VAN ANTWERPEN, and JOHN R. GIBSON,^* Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

Before us is John Williams's appeal from the District Court's dismissal of his claims asserted under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against a New Jersey parole officer and certain members of the New Jersey State Parole Board ("Parole Board") for, respectively, arrest and false incarceration, and failure to properly investigate the likelihood he would commit a crime if released on parole. Williams also appeals from the District Court's grant of summary judgment on his § 1983 claim against a private psychologist engaged by the Parole Board to perform a psychological evaluation. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and for the following reasons, we will affirm.

I.

In 1993, Williams pleaded guilty to second-degree sexual assault against a ten-year old girl, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2b, pursuant to a plea agreement. In 1995, Williams was sentenced to a 10-year period of incarceration with no period of parole ineligibility, but in 1996, Williams was released on parole.

In 1997, Parole Officer Kevin Mahoney arrested Williams as a parole violator for Williams's failure to obtain approval for a change in his employment and residence and for failure to comply with the registration provisions of Megan's Law. On November 26, 1997, an Adult Panel of the New Jersey State Parole Board ("Parole Board") composed of Andrew Consovoy and Rolando Gomez-Rivera revoked Williams's parole. In reaching this decision, the Parole Board considered and rejected the report of Officer Diane Formica, who recommended Williams's parole be continued because he had expressed remorse for his failure to comply with the conditions of his parole. The Parole Board then declared Williams ineligible for parole until 1998.

In April 1998, an Adult Panel of the Parole Board—this time consisting of Rachel Torres-Chowaniec and Ruby Washington—again evaluated Williams for parole. Before rendering a decision, the Parole Board ordered a psychological evaluation of Williams.

This evaluation was performed by Don E. Gibbons, Ph.D., a licensed psychologist employed at the time by Correctional Behavior Solutions, a private company with which New Jersey contracted to provide mental health services. In the course of his evaluation, Gibbons performed a clinical interview and administered various psychological and personality examinations. Relying in part on Gibbons's evaluation, the Parole Board denied parole.¹

On April 18, 2001, Williams filed an action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the District Court, asserting four separate claims. First, Williams alleged Mahoney had seized him without probable cause and caused him to be arrested and falsely incarcerated, which seizure was in violation of the Fourth and Eighth Amendments. Second, Williams alleged Consovoy and Gomez-Rivera, on or before November 27, 1997, failed and refused to conduct an adequate investigation into whether Williams was likely to commit a crime if released on parole and caused him to be falsely incarcerated, which failure was deliberately indifferent to Williams's Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Third, Williams alleged Torre-Chowaniec and Washington, on or before April 27, 1999, failed to adequately investigate whether Williams was likely to commit another crime if released on parole, which failure caused Williams's false incarceration and was deliberately indifferent to his Eighth Amendment rights. Finally, Williams alleged that Gibbons had reported false and misleading information intended to cause the Parole Board to deny Williams parole, which denial resulted in Williams's false imprisonment and was deliberately indifferent to Williams's Eighth Amendment rights.

Gomez-Rivera, Torres-Chowaniec, Washington, and Mahoney moved to dismiss Williams's complaint pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The District Court granted the motion with respect to Mahoney and Gomez-Rivera on the ground that Williams did not have a cognizable § 1983 claim against them.² Citing Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994), the District Court reasoned that William's claim was uncognizable because § 1983 actions in which prisoners allege that a parole revocation decision was constitutionally infirm are challenges to the fact or duration of their confinement and are collateral attacks on state convictions that are properly addressed in habeas corpus proceedings. See Dist. Ct. Nov. 8, 2001 Slip. Op. at 9-17.

Gibbons then moved for summary judgment on Williams's § 1983 claim. On July 29, 2004, the District Court granted Gibbons's motion. Williams v. Consovoy, et al., 333 F.Supp.2d 297 (D.N.J.2004). In that decision, the District Court concluded that because the Parole Board had ordered Gibbons to perform an evaluation to assist the Parole Board in making its parole determination, Gibbons had engaged in "adjudicative conduct" and was therefore entitled to absolute immunity. Id. at 301-02. By the parties' agreement, the District Court dismissed Williams's remaining claims on August 25, 2004. This timely appeal followed.

II.

A.

Williams first claims that the District Court was mistaken in dismissing his claims against Mahoney and Gomez-Rivera on the ground that those claims were barred by Heck v. Humphrey. We exercise plenary review over the District Court's grant of a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). County Concrete Corp. v. Town of Roxbury, 442 F.3d 159, 163 (3d Cir.2006).

It is well-settled that when a state prisoner is challenging the fact or duration of his confinement, his sole federal remedy is a writ of habeas corpus, not a § 1983 action. Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500, 93 S.Ct. 1827, 36 L.Ed.2d 439 (1973). In Heck, the Supreme Court held that where success in a § 1983 action would implicitly call into question the validity of conviction or duration of sentence, the plaintiff must first achieve favorable termination of his available state or federal habeas remedies to challenge the underlying conviction or sentence. Considering Heck and summarizing the interplay between habeas and § 1983 claims, the Supreme Court recently explained that,

"a state prisoner's § 1983 action is barred (absent prior invalidation)—no matter the relief sought (damages or equitable relief), no matter the target of the prisoner's suit (state conduct leading to conviction or internal prison proceedings) —if success in that action would necessarily demonstrate the invalidity of the confinement or its duration."

Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 81-82, 125 S.Ct. 1242, 161 L.Ed.2d 253 (2005) (emphasis in original).

Thus, the threshold question becomes whether Williams's success on his § 1983 action would "necessarily demonstrate" the invalidity of the Parole Board's decision to revoke his parole, which would in turn render his § 1983 action uncognizable under Heck. We answer this question in the affirmative because success on the § 1983 claim would necessarily demonstrate the invalidity of the Parole Board's decision. See White v. Gittens, 121 F.3d 803, 807 (1st Cir.1997) (concluding that § 1983 claim based on revocation of parole was barred by Heck; "[a] favorable decision in the § 1983 proceeding would necessarily call into question the validity of the state's decree revoking [plaintiff's] parole and ordering him back to prison. Heck therefore applies, and the § 1983 action is not cognizable in a federal court"); Butterfield v. Bail, 120 F.3d 1023, 1024 (9th Cir.1997) ("[f]ew things implicate the validity of continued confinement more directly than the allegedly improper denial of parole"). Accordingly, because the Parole Board's decision has not been rendered invalid, Williams may not attack it via a § 1983 action, and the District Court's dismissal of Williams's claims against Mahoney and Gomez-Rivera was proper.

Williams cites Huang v. Johnson, 251 F.3d 65 (2d Cir.2001), as support for the argument that because habeas relief is no longer available to him, he should nonetheless be permitted to maintain a § 1983 action. Huang held that a plaintiff for whom habeas relief was no longer available on the ground that he had been released from custody could nevertheless maintain a § 1983 action for false imprisonment. Id. at 75. Huang relied on the fact that, post-Heck, five Justices took the view in Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 118 S.Ct. 978, 140 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998), that § 1983 relief should be available to address constitutional wrongs where habeas relief is no longer available. Huang, 251 F.3d at 75.

We decline to adopt Huang here. As we recently held in Gilles v. Davis, 427 F.3d 197, 210 (3d Cir.2005), a § 1983 remedy is not available to a litigant to whom habeas relief is no longer available. In Gilles, we concluded that Heck's favorable-termination requirement had not been undermined, and, to the extent that its validity was called into question by Spencer, we observed that the Justices who believed § 1983 claims should be allowed to proceed where habeas relief is not available so stated in...