United States v. Wedgewood, Inc., 71-1099.

Decision Date24 March 1972
Docket NumberNo. 71-1099.,71-1099.
Citation457 F.2d 648
PartiesUNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. WEDGEWOOD, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellants.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Philip S. Nyman, Lowell, Mass., with whom Brian J. Sullivan, Lowell, Mass., was on brief, for appellants.

Joseph L. Tauro, U. S. Atty., George V. Higgins, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom James N. Gabriel, U. S. Atty. and Alan R. Hoffman, Asst. U. S. Atty. were on brief, for appellee.

Before ALDRICH, Chief Judge, and McENTEE and COFFIN, Circuit Judges.

SUBSTITUTED OPINION OF THE COURT

McENTEE, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal by one corporate and two individual defendants from convictions for possession of altered liquor in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5301(c)(4) (1970). Wedgewood, Inc. is a Massachusetts corporation doing business as the Celebrity Lounge in Lowell, Massachusetts. Perron is the owner and manager of Wedgewood; Bello is an employee with some managerial duties. On February 25, 1970, Internal Revenue agents of the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division entered the Lounge and inspected a number of bottles of liquor. As a result of this inspection, the contents of ten bottles were found to have been altered, and the defendants were indicted.

The indictment charged the three defendants jointly in each of two counts. At trial the court directed acquittals on Count I, which charged violations of 26 U.S.C. § 5301(c)(2).1 The jury returned verdicts of guilty on Count II, which charged violations of 26 U.S.C. § 5301(c)(4).2 The threshold question on appeal is the validity of Count II of the indictment in light of its failure to allege "knowing" possession and the individual defendants' status as agents of the corporation.3

At the close of the government's evidence Perron and Bello moved for acquittals on Count II on the ground that the indictment was defective. While a motion for acquittal may not be the most expeditious way to attack the validity of an indictment, the failure of an indictment to charge an offense "shall be noticed by the court at any time during the pendency of the proceeding." Rule 12(b)(2), Fed.R.Crim.P. See also Rule 34, Fed.R.Crim.P. The trial court denied defendants' motions, orally added "knowingly" to the indictment,4 and later instructed the jury that in order to convict, it had to find the individual defendants in knowing possession.

Section 5301(c) imposes criminal liability on "any person who sells, or offers for sale, distilled spirits, or agent or employee of such person," if that person violates any of the four enumerated subsections. The provision does not include a scienter requirement, but imposes strict liability. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 5301(d),5 violations of the section can be punished only pursuant to the penalty provision, 26 U.S.C. § 5606, which provides:

"Whoever violates any provision of section 5301, or of any regulation issued pursuant thereto, or the terms or conditions of any permit issued pursuant to the authorization contained in such section, and any officer, director, or agent of any corporation who knowingly participates in such violation, shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both, for each such offense." (Emphasis added.)

Perron and Bello contend that, since they were corporate agents, they can be punished only for "knowing participation," and that consequently the indictment was fatally defective for failure to include all the essential elements of the offense charged.

The individual defendants, however, misconstrue the intent of the legislation and misread the language of the indictment. Sections 5301(c) and 5606 impose strict liability on persons, be they individuals or corporations, who sell or offer liquor for sale if they violate the provisions of § 5301(c), regardless of scienter. The statute specifically does not relieve one merely because, in selling or offering to sell, he happens to be an "agent or employee" of the owner. The apparent purpose of the emphasized portion of § 5606, supra, is to provide that persons who are corporate officers, directors, or agents and who do not themselves sell or offer for sale but aid and abet a corporation that does, may not be punished if they lack scienter. However, we are not concerned here with the scope of that provision because the individual defendants were charged directly as "persons who sell and offer for sale distilled spirits." The indictment's reference to them as agents of the corporation was merely descriptive, and the fact that they happened to be officers or agents does not reduce their direct liability.6 We find the indictment clear and the evidence sufficient to support it.7

Defendants Perron and Bello moved pretrial to suppress the bottles of adulterated liquor on the grounds of an illegal search and seizure. These motions were denied, and defendants renew their claim of unconstitutional intrusion on appeal. On February 25, at approximately 2 p. m., three agents entered the barroom of the Celebrity Lounge. Neither Perron nor Bello was on the premises. The agents approached a barmaid, identified themselves, told her the purpose of their visit, and proceeded to test a number of bottles taken from behind the bar. She neither objected nor explicitly consented to the inspection. While the agents were testing the liquor, and about one hour after their arrival, Perron entered the Lounge. An agent identified himself, told Perron the purpose of the visit, and stated that the inspection was authorized. Perron did not object to continuation of the testing procedures or the seizure of twenty-one bottles, ten of which were later determined to be adulterated.8

Entry and inspection by the agents was made without a warrant or express consent pursuant to statutory provisions which give the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate broad authority to enter and inspect the premises of liquor dealers. 26 U.S.C. §§ 5146(b),9 5301(a),10 and 7606(a).11 Defendants argue, these sections notwithstanding, that consent is constitutionally required for warrantless inspections where no exigent circumstances exist.

The Supreme Court, in Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967) held that the fourth amendment's restrictions against unreasonable searches were applicable to administrative code-enforcement inspections of personal residences, and in the companion case of See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541, 87 S.Ct. 1737, 18 L.Ed.2d 943 (1967), this holding was extended to similar inspections of commercial property. The See decision, however, did not question "such accepted regulatory techniques as licensing programs which require inspections prior to operating a business or marketing a product," but stated:

"Any constitutional challenge to such programs can only be resolved, as many have been in the past, on a case-by-case basis under the general Fourth Amendment standard of reasonableness." 387 U.S. at 546, 87 S.Ct. at 1741.

Three years later, in the case of Colonnade Catering Corp. v. United States, 397 U.S. 72, 90 S.Ct. 774, 25 L.Ed.2d 60 (1970), the Court faced the issue with respect to liquor inspections. In Colonnade a federal agent, in the course of inspecting a catering establishment, requested that the lock on a storeroom be opened. The request was refused, whereupon the agent broke the lock, entered, and removed several bottles of liquor. The liquor licensee petitioned for the return and suppression of the seized evidence. The Court, acknowledging the long history of official regulation and supervision of the liquor industry, stated that Congress had "broad power to design such powers of inspection under the liquor laws as it deems necessary to meet the evils at hand." 397 U.S. at 76, 90 S.Ct. at 777. In other words, the fourth amendment standard of reasonableness applies to liquor inspections, but in this unique area Congress has great leeway to define what conduct is reasonable. The Court examined carefully the Congressional design, in which the provisions authorizing administrative searches, 26 U.S.C. §§ 5146(b) and 7606(a), are linked with a provision penalizing refusal to permit such searches, 26 U.S.C. § 7342, which states that

"Any owner of any building or place, or person having the agency or superintendence of the same, who refuses to admit any officer or employee of the Treasury Department acting under the authority of section 7606 (relating to entry of premises for examination of taxable articles) or refuses to permit him to examine such article or articles, shall, for every such refusal, forfeit $500."

Borrowing a principle of statutory construction from Frank v. Maryland, 359 U.S. 360, 79 S.Ct. 804, 3 L.Ed.2d 877 (1959), the Court held that § 7342 is the exclusive sanction for refusal, and that forcible entry despite the refusal of Colonnade's president was accordingly not authorized by the statute.12

The present case differs from Colonnade in that here defendants neither "refused to admit any officer" nor "refused to permit him to examine the liquor bottles." Manifestly, they could not have been penalized under § 7342. As to them, § 7342 could hardly have been the exclusive sanction, since it was no sanction at all. But by the same token, § 7342 was no bar to completing the search.

In urging the broader position that an administrative search without consent in the constitutional sense is violative of the statute, defendants would have us forget that it is indeed a statute we are interpreting, and, as we have noted, a statute in a unique field where the Court has recognized an expanded power to regulate. To add to § 5146(b) or to § 7606(a) a requirement that the officer obtain consent before an inspection would engraft a wholly new requirement foreign to the language and purpose of those provisions. Similarly, to accord to § 7342, in terms a penalty provision, broader scope in limiting searches than in imposing...

To continue reading

Request your trial
3 cases
  • US v. Slay
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Missouri
    • 4 Noviembre 1987
    ...429 U.S. 1099, 97 S.Ct. 1118, 51 L.Ed.2d 546 (1977); United States v. Macklin, 523 F.2d 193, 195 (2nd Cir.1975); United States v. Wedgewood, Inc., 457 F.2d 648, 650 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 846, 93 S.Ct. 51, 34 L.Ed.2d 87 Rule 12(b)(2) provides that the defense that the indictment......
  • Com. v. Sweet
    • United States
    • Pennsylvania Superior Court
    • 27 Febrero 1975
    ...v. Meikrantz, 77 Misc.2d 892, 351 N.Y.S.2d 549 (N.Y.Co.1974); Cf. State v. Sprague, R.I., 322 A.2d 36 (1974); United States v. Wedgewood, Inc., 457 F.2d 648 (1st Cir. 1972). Additionally we note that the appellant was not convicted by the breathalyzer machine alone. Two officers testified a......
  • United States v. Blanchard, 73-1379
    • United States
    • U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit
    • 7 Mayo 1974
    ...distilled spirits," it was not necessary for the court to further instruct the jury on aiding and abetting. See United States v. Wedgewood, 457 F.2d 648, 650-651 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 846, 93 S.Ct. 51, 34 L.Ed.2d 87 (1972). Nor was it necessary to instruct that Blanchard's part......

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT