Peter Pan Bus Lines v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety

Citation471 F.3d 1350
Decision Date19 December 2006
Docket NumberNo. 05-1436.,05-1436.
PartiesPETER PAN BUS LINES, INC. and BONANZA ACQUISITION, LLC, Petitioners v. FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, Respondent.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (District of Columbia)

Jeremy Kahn argued the cause for the petitioners.

Kathy L. Krieger, Craig M. Cibak and Richard P. Schweitzer were on the joint brief for amici curiae American Bus Association, Inc. and Amalgamated Transit Union in support of petitioners.

Robert D. Kamenshine, Attorney, United States Department of Justice, argued the cause for the respondent. Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Robert S. Greenspan, Attorney, United States Department of Justice, Paul M. Geier, Assistant General Counsel, and Mary F. Withum, Senior Trial Attorney, United States Department of Transportation, were on brief.

Before: HENDERSON, TATEL and GRIFFITH, Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge HENDERSON.

Concurring opinion filed by Circuit Judge TATEL.

KAREN LECRAFT HENDERSON, Circuit Judge.

Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc. and its subsidiary Bonanza Acquisition, LLC (collectively, Peter Pan) seek review of a decision of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), an entity within the Department of Transportation (DOT). The challenged decision rejected Peter Pan's protest of an FMCSA decision authorizing Fung Wah Transportation, Inc. (Fung Wah) to operate regular-route passenger transportation between Boston and New York City. Peter Pan protested Fung Wah's certification application on the ground that Fung Wah was unwilling or unable to comply with the requirements of the regulations DOT has promulgated under the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq. The FMCSA concluded that the language of 49 U.S.C. § 13902, which authorizes the FMCSA to make compliance findings and issue certificates registering motor carriers, prevents the FMCSA from considering whether a certificate applicant is in compliance with DOT's ADA regulations. Because the FMCSA premised its construction on the plain language of the statute, which it treated as unambiguous, and because we find that the statutory language is in fact ambiguous, we vacate the FMCSA's decision and remand for it to interpret the statute accordingly.

I.

On April 4, 2005 Fung Wah filed an application for motor passenger carrier authority to operate a passenger bus line between Boston and New York City. On May 4, 2005 Peter Pan submitted a protest under 49 C.F.R. § 365.203 based on Fung Wah's "asserted unwillingness and/or inability to comply with regulations of the Secretary implementing the [ADA]." Joint App. (JA) 15. The FMCSA's licensing team, however, granted Fung Wah a certificate as requested on May 12, 2005, apparently unaware of Peter Pan's protest.

On May 16, 2005 Peter Pan filed a motion for rehearing, asking that the FMCSA "immediately vacate the award of its certificate to applicant and then render a decision on the merits only after first taking into account protestants' serious allegations regarding fitness" and, "in particular, applicant's demonstrated failure to meet its obligations under the Americans With Disabilities Act to assure the availability of transportation for all members of our society." JA 49, 48. On October 26, 2005 the FMCSA issued a decision denying rehearing on the ground that section 13902(a)(1) "does not permit FMCSA to withhold registration for failure to comply with ADA requirements." Fung Wah Bus Transp., Inc., No. MC-405969 (Oct. 26, 2005) (FMCSA Dec.), reprinted in JA at 58, at 3. Section 13902(a)(1), enacted as part of the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act of 1995, Pub.L. No. 104-88, 109 Stat. 803 (1995), (ICCTA) provides:

(a) Motor carrier generally.—

(1) In general.—Except as provided in this section, the Secretary shall register a person to provide transportation subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title as a motor carrier if the Secretary finds that the person is willing and able to comply with—

(A) this part and the applicable regulations of the Secretary [of Transportation] and the [Surface Transportation] Board;

(B)(i) any safety regulations imposed by the Secretary;

(ii) the duties of employers and employees established by the Secretary under section 31135; and

(iii) the safety fitness requirements established by the Secretary under section 31144; and

(C) the minimum financial responsibility requirements established by the Secretary pursuant to sections 13906 and 31138.

49 U.S.C. § 13902(a)(1).1 The FMCSA determined that the phrase "applicable regulations" in subsection (a)(1)(A) modifies the preceding phrase "this part," which refers to "title 49, subtitle IV, Part B, which consists of statutory authority transferred from the [ICC] to the Secretary of Transportation and the Surface Transportation Board following enactment of the ICCTA." FMCSA Dec. at 2. The FMCSA then concluded that it is without authority to enforce compliance with DOT's ADA regulations in the certification process because the ADA regulations were not promulgated pursuant to Part B and do not fit in any of the categories identified in subsections (a)(1)(B) or (a)(1)(C). FMCSA Dec. at 2.

On November 21, 2005 Peter Pan filed a petition for review challenging the FMCSA's construction of section 13902(a)(1).

II.

Because this appeal involves the FMCSA's "interpretation of a statute the agency is charged with implementing, we apply the two-part test of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)." Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Nat'l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 374 F.3d 1251, 1257 (D.C.Cir.2004) (parallel citation omitted). "[U]nder the Chevron two-step, we stop the music at step one if the Congress `has directly spoken to the precise question at issue' because we—and the agency—`must give effect to [its] unambiguously expressed intent.'" Northpoint Tech., Ltd. v. FCC, 412 F.3d 145, 151 (D.C.Cir.2005) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778). "But if the statute is silent or ambiguous, we dance on and, at step two, defer to the Commission's interpretation if it is `based on a permissible construction of the statute.'" Id. (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778). The text of the FMCSA's decision certifying Fung Wah makes clear that the Agency construed section 13902(a)(1) as an unambiguous expression of the Congress's intent, thereby triggering review under Chevron step 1.

In rejecting Peter Pan's argument that the phrase "applicable regulations of the Secretary" refers to all of DOT's regulations that are applicable to motor carriers, including its ADA regulations, the FMCSA unequivocally declared: "This interpretation is not consistent with the plain language of the statute and the legislative history of the [ICCTA], which enacted section 13902 into law. The term `applicable regulations of the Secretary' is clearly meant to modify the term `this part.'" FMCSA Dec. at 2 (emphasis added). Thus, the FMCSA concluded, section 13902(a)(1) "does not permit FMCSA to withhold registration for failure to comply with ADA requirements." Id. at 3 (emphasis added). To the contrary, we find the text of the statute to be ambiguous.

The FMCSA rejected Peter Pan's interpretation in part because "if `applicable regulations of the Secretary' included all DOT regulations applicable to motor carriers, sections 13902(a)(1)(B) and (C) would be superfluous, since FMCSA regulations governing safety and financial responsibility would fall within section 13902(a)(1)(A)." FMCSA Dec. at 2. The FMCSA's reading of "applicable regulations of the Secretary," however—to include only regulations applicable to Part B of Subtitle IV—itself renders superfluous the reference in section 13902(a)(1)(C) to "minimum financial responsibility requirements established by the Secretary pursuant to section[] 13906" because section 13906 is codified in Part B and financial requirements established pursuant to it are therefore already included under section 13902(a)(1)(A).2 Thus, section 13902 contains surplusage under either reading and, as a result, we cannot say that either proffered construction reflects the Congress's unambiguously expressed intent. Cf. NLRB v. FLRA, 952 F.2d 523, 532 (D.C.Cir.1992) ("[p]etitioners cannot plausibly make a Chevron step one argument" to support interpretation that makes other statutory language "surplusage") (emphasis in original). We therefore cannot uphold the FMCSA's interpretation under step 1 of Chevron. Nor may we review it under step 2.

In PDK Laboratories, Inc. v. DEA, 362 F.3d 786 (D.C.Cir.2004), we recently affirmed a line of circuit decisions which hold that "deference to an agency's interpretation of a statute is not appropriate when the agency wrongly `believes that interpretation is compelled by Congress.'" 362 F.3d at 798 (quoting Arizona v. Thompson, 281 F.3d 248, 254 (D.C.Cir. 2002)); (citing ITT Indus., Inc. v. NLRB, 251 F.3d 995, 1004 (D.C.Cir.2001); Transitional Hosps. Corp. v. Shalala, 222 F.3d 1019, 1028-29 (D.C.Cir.2000); Alarm Indus. Commc'ns Comm. v. FCC, 131 F.3d 1066, 1072 (D.C.Cir.1997)); see also Teva Pharms. USA, Inc. v. FDA, 441 F.3d 1, 4-5 (D.C.Cir.2006); Prill v. NLRB, 755 F.2d 941, 956-57 (D.C.Cir.1985). As we explained in PDK, Chevron step 2 deference is reserved for those instances when an agency recognizes that the Congress's intent is not plain from the statute's face. "In precisely those kinds of cases, it is incumbent upon the agency not to rest simply on its parsing of the statutory language""[i]t must bring its experience and expertise to bear in light of competing interests at stake." PDK, 362 F.3d at 797-98 (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865-66, 104 S.Ct. 2778) (footnote omitted). "When...

To continue reading

Request your trial
57 cases
  • Bauer v. Devos, Civil Action No. 17-1330 (RDM)
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of Columbia
    • September 12, 2018
    ...is, "when the agency wrongly believes that interpretation is compelled by Congress." Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin. , 471 F.3d 1350, 1354 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting PDK Labs., Inc. v. DEA , 362 F.3d 786, 798 (D.C. Cir. 2004) )......
  • St. Mary Med. Ctr. v. Becerra
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of Columbia
    • January 20, 2022
    ..., 545 U.S. 967, 980, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005) (citation omitted); see also Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin. , 471 F.3d 1350, 1353 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (noting that, at Chevron Step Two, the court must defer to the agency's interpretation of a statute i......
  • Farrell v. Pompeo
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of Columbia
    • November 27, 2019
    ...Inc. v. Drug Enf't Admin., 362 F.3d 786, 798 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (emphasis added); see also Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 471 F.3d 1350, 1354 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (" Chevron step 2 deference is reserved for those instances when an agency recognizes that [ ] Congres......
  • Gila River Indian Cmty. v. U.S.
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — District of Arizona
    • March 3, 2011
    ...both sides of the case); Doe v. Mann, 415 F.3d 1038, 1047 (9th Cir.2005) (same). The City, citing Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc. v. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 471 F.3d 1350 (D.C.Cir.2006), argued at the hearing that if the Court finds the language of § 6(d) to be ambiguous, then DOI's ......
  • Request a trial to view additional results

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT