U.S. v. Goode

• Decision Date: 16 April 2007
• Docket Number: No. 06-2093.,06-2093.
• Citation: 483 F.3d 676
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Donald H. GOODE, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

483 F.3d 676

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Donald H. GOODE, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 06-2093.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

April 16, 2007.

Leon Schydlower, El Paso, TX, for Defendant-Appellant.

Clinton J. Johnson, Assistant United States Attorney (David C. Iglesias, United States Attorney, Albuquerque, NM, and Terri J. Abernathy, Assistant United States Attorney, Las Cruces, NM, on the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before HENRY, HARTZ, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

HARTZ, Circuit Judge.

A jury in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico found Donald H. Goode guilty of being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm. On appeal he contends that there was insufficient evidence to convict him under the jury instructions, which required the firearm he possessed to have "moved from one state to another," R. Vol. IV at 220, because evidence at trial showed only that the firearm had been manufactured in Spain and discovered in New Mexico. He also contends that he must be resentenced because the court violated Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(i)(1)(A) when it proceeded to sentence him after he had said that he had not read his presentence report (PSR). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm his conviction and sentence. Because he did not raise his present insufficiency contention in district court, we review the contention for plain error and hold that justice would not be served by a reversal of his conviction. As for his sentencing contention, we hold that the court properly found that he had read the PSR and discussed it with counsel.

I. BACKGROUND

On October 23, 2003, a grand jury indicted Mr. Goode on one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)(1). Section 922(g)(1) makes it unlawful for anyone who has been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than a year "to . . . possess in or affecting commerce[] any firearm." The firearm that Mr. Goode was charged with possessing had been recovered from his vehicle by police officers after he was arrested in Capitan, New Mexico, on unrelated charges.

At Mr. Goode's trial, Agent Paul Jessen of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives testified that the firearm at issue was "a Llama. It's manufactured in Spain, and it came from Spain to this country through an importer." R Vol. IV at 165. He further testified that no firearms are manufactured in New Mexico, so a firearm found in New Mexico must have traveled in either interstate or foreign commerce.

The district court instructed the jury that to convict Mr. Goode, it must find that the government proved beyond a reasonable doubt that:

First, the defendant was previously convicted of a felony, that is, a crime punishable for a term exceeding one year;

Second, the defendant knowingly possessed a firearm after the conviction; and

Third, before the defendant possessed the firearm, the firearm had moved from one state to another.

Id. at 219-20. After the jury was instructed, Mr. Goode moved for a judgment of acquittal under Fed.R.Crim.P. 29. His counsel argued "that there [was not a] sufficiently legal nexus . . . between the weapon and Mr. Goode to meet the element of possession." Id. at 229. He said nothing about the commerce element of the crime. The court denied the motion, stating that "there was sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that Mr. Goode was in possession of the weapon." Id. at 230.

During deliberations the jury sent the district court a note asking whether a gun that was not manufactured in New Mexico must have traveled in interstate or foreign commerce. The court responded: "Your question presents a factual issue that is one for the jury to decide." R. Vol. V at 328. After the jury found Mr. Goode guilty, he did not renew his motion for a judgment of acquittal.

The PSR prepared by the probation office calculated an offense level of 33 and a criminal-history category of IV, which would result in an advisory guideline range of 188 to 235 months' imprisonment under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. At the sentencing hearing the district court first asked Mr. Goode whether he had reviewed the PSR. After some confusion about whether he had a copy, he apparently handed the court a copy of the PSR with an attached letter. He then responded:

[Mr. Goode]: No, sir. What I did— what I did was I wrote the letter that was on the front of it and I sent it right back with a refusal for cause under the UCC, Section 3-501. I did a refusal for cause and sent it back. So I didn't read it. I didn't go over it.

THE COURT: Well, let me hand that back to the marshal.

[Mr. Goode]: I would like the Court to keep that, because that's a presentment that I would like to present to the Court.

THE COURT: All right. Before we do that, though, before you refuse it, let me ask you, you didn't read it at all?

[Mr. Goode]: Besides having to write the Certified Mail Number on the top of each page that I actually did that, I can't honestly say I in depth read it, your Honor.

THE COURT: I would like for you to review it. Would you take a few minutes to review it?

[Mr. Goode]: Actually, I want to refuse it for cause, your Honor, without dishonor.

THE COURT: You don't want to review it? Because the reason it's important, Mr. Goode, it's going to—I've read it. The counsel have read it. And it's going to impact the decision that I make as to how to sentence you. So I'd like for you to know what I've reviewed in thinking about your sentence this morning. Could I take a recess and [have] you review it?

[Mr. Goode's Attorney]: If I may your Honor.

THE COURT: You may.

[Mr. Goode's Attorney]: I actually reviewed it with Mr. Goode.

R. Vol. VI at 3-5. Mr. Goode's attorney then explained that he had personally gone through the PSR with Mr. Goode, and when Mr. Goode had questioned some of the listed prior convictions, he had reviewed court records, verified that each listed conviction was accurate, and sent a letter to Mr. Goode explaining his findings. Mr. Goode's attorney accordingly recommended that the court move forward with sentencing, stating that there were no disputes regarding the content of the PSR. Once again the court asked Mr. Goode if he would like time to review the PSR; Mr. Goode declined.

Despite Mr. Goode's repeated assertions that he had not reviewed the PSR, some comments made by him at the hearing appear to contradict that. At one point he stated that everything in it "is mere hearsay.... None of it is firsthand knowledge." Id. at 39. Later he claimed that he had written "a letter to the U.S. Probation Department concerning the PSR," presumably as a challenge to certain aspects of it. Id. at 56.

The district court sentenced Mr. Goode to 188 months' imprisonment.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Mr. Goode first argues that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to find that the firearm he possessed "had moved from one state to another" as required by the jury instructions. R. Vol. IV at 220. Evidence at trial showed that the firearm was manufactured in Spain and discovered in New Mexico. Mr. Goode's opening brief on appeal admits that this evidence was sufficient to satisfy 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)'s requirement that the firearm be possessed "in or affecting commerce." But he contends that the jury instructions narrowed this requirement by stating that the weapon must have moved from one state to another, and there was no evidence of such movement. (Of course, Mr. Goode's contention is premised on geography. New Mexico is a border state. If the firearm had been found in Kansas, by contrast, the evidence would have been sufficient because the firearm would have had to travel from Spain through other states to reach its destination.)

Mr. Goode's contention is supported by the law-of-the-case doctrine, which "hold[s] the government to the burden of proving each element of a crime as set out in a jury instruction to which it failed to object, even if the unchallenged jury instruction goes beyond the criminal statute's requirements." United States v. Williams, 376 F.3d 1048, 1051 (10th Cir. 2004). Under the jury instruction in this case, the sufficiency of the evidence is at least questionable. But Mr. Goode's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence comes too late. The Rules of Criminal Procedure do not allow a defendant to wait until appeal to raise such a challenge. Pertinent provisions of Fed.R.Crim.P. 29 state:

(a) Before Submission to the Jury. After the government closes its evidence or after the close of all the evidence, the court on the defendant's motion must enter a judgment of acquittal of any offense for which the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction.

...

(c) After Jury Verdict or Discharge.

(1) Time for a Motion. A defendant may move for a judgment of acquittal, or renew such a motion, within 7 days after a guilty verdict or after the court discharges the jury, whichever is later.

Fed.R.Crim.P. 29(a), (c)(1); cf. United States v. Luciano, 329 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2003) ("[C]laims of insufficient evidence must be presented in the first instance to the district court.").

To be sure, Mr. Goode moved for acquittal under Rule 29 after the district court instructed the jury. But his motion was not predicated on the ground raised now. He argued only "that there is [not a] sufficiently legal nexus .. . between the weapon and [himself] to meet the element of possession." R. Vol. IV at 229. He said nothing about the commerce element that he now challenges, even though the instructions including the commerce element had already been read to the jury. Nor did he make a Rule 29 motion after the jury's verdict. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 29(c). When a defendant challenges in district court the sufficiency of the evidence on specific grounds, "all grounds not specified in the motion are waived." United States v. Kimler, 335...