In re Cox

• Decision Date: 27 July 2007
• Docket Number: No. 04-15891.,04-15891.
• Citation: 493 F.3d 1336
• Parties: In re: Richard Jon COX, Debtor. R. Dennis Christopher, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Richard Jon Cox, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

493 F.3d 1336

In re: Richard Jon COX, Debtor R. Dennis Christopher, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Richard Jon Cox, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 04-15891.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

July 27, 2007.

R. Phillip Shinall, III, Alexander, Royston, Hardman & Shinall, Covington, GA, for Christopher.

William L. Rothschild, Ellenberg, Ogier & Rothschild, P.C., Atlanta, GA, for Cox.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

Before TJOFLAT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges, and LIMBAUGH,^* District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

The question this appeal presents is whether the bankruptcy court erred in determining that the contemporaneous execution of a warranty deed to a tract of land and a contract giving the grantee an option to purchase the land within a time certain created a mortgage in which the grantee became the mortgagor and the grantor the mortgagee. The district court found no error and upheld the bankruptcy court's ruling. We affirm.

I.

A.

In 1984, Richard Jon Cox became the owner of the Bar C Ranch (the "Ranch"), a 450-acre tract of land on the outskirts of the City of Covington, Georgia. In 1994, Cox sold a half interest in the Ranch to Lamar Banks. AgSouth Farm Credit, ACA financed part of Banks's purchase by loaning him $775,000.¹ A mortgage on the Ranch, executed by Banks and Cox as tenants-in-common, secured the loan. Soon after Banks acquired his interest in the Ranch, he and Cox entered into a buy-sell agreement, whereby either could offer to purchase the other's interest in the Ranch for $750,000 or more.² The party receiving the buy-out offer would have the option to purchase the offeror's interest for the price indicated in the buy-out offer.³

On October 6, 1999, Banks offered to purchase Cox's interest for $875,000.⁴ As Cox was considering the offer, the property was being appraised at $2,445,700. On November 16, after the appraisal had been completed, Cox exercised his option to purchase Banks's interest for the same price, $875,000.⁵ Under the buy-sell agreement, Cox had ninety days to close. To close the transaction, Cox would need more than $1.2 million: $700,000 to pay off the AgSouth mortgage and more than $500,000 for Banks's interest (after deducting Banks's share, $300,000, of the balance due on the AgSouth mortgage).⁶

Cox sought a loan from the Main Street Bank, in Covington, to finance the buy-out. The bank agreed to make the loan provided that someone acceptable to the bank guaranteed the loan. Cox turned to R. Dennis Christopher for help. Christopher was his insurance agent and a long-time friend; he was also an experienced real estate investor. Christopher agreed to guarantee the loan, and so notified the bank. The bank, meanwhile, reconsidered the matter; if a loan was to be made, it would be made to Christopher alone. Christopher was not interested, however; he was not going to sign a note for $1.225 million. He was willing to help Cox out, but not that way. Christopher had an alternative plan in mind, which he proceeded to execute.

Rather than borrowing $1.225 million to pay off the AgSouth mortgage and Banks's interest in the Ranch, he would obtain AgSouth's consent to his assumption of the mortgage. If AgSouth consented, all he would have to advance at the closing would be the funds sufficient to pay Banks — funds he either had on-hand or readily accessible — and the closing costs.

AgSouth agreed to Christopher's assumption of the mortgage, and the closing went forward on February 16, 2000. At the closing, Christopher assumed the AgSouth mortgage and paid Banks for his equity in the property. His out-of-pocket outlay totaled approximately $545,000.

Several documents were executed at the closing. Two are pertinent here: a warranty deed executed by Cox, as grantor, in favor of Christopher, as grantee, and an option contract.⁷ The contract gave Cox the option to purchase the property within 365 days. The purchase price would amount to the sum of the following, with interest at the rate of 9.25% per annum: the costs Christopher incurred in connection with the February 16 closing; the amount he paid to Banks; his mortgage payments to AgSouth; any expenditures he may have made to maintain the Ranch; and a $100,000 "kicker." Unless Cox exercised the option, however, he would owe Christopher nothing.⁸

Christopher did not take possession of the Ranch after the closing. Instead, Cox continued to reside there rent-free, paid the property taxes, and kept the property insured. And Cox immediately set about the task of finding a purchaser for the Ranch — at a price sufficient to adequately compensate him for his equity in the farm and cover what Christopher would be due under the option contract. Several residential developers expressed an interest in the property; some extended offers to purchase it. The offers came to naught, however. On March 5, 2001, after two extensions, Cox's option to purchase the property expired.

B.

After Cox's option expired, an associate of Christopher's, acting on Christopher's behalf, contacted Dwayne Key, a realtor who earlier had made an offer (to Cox) for the property that fell through. Over the next three months, between March and June 2001, Key, in turn, located two potential buyers for the land.

Meanwhile, on April 20, 2001, Cox petitioned the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Georgia for Chapter 11 relief. Shortly thereafter, as debtor-in-possession, Cox commenced an adversary proceeding against Christopher to determine the extent of the bankruptcy estate's interest in the Ranch. Christopher answered the complaint, alleging that he owned the property by virtue of the warranty deed Cox had given to him on February 16, 2000. Christopher also filed a counterclaim, in an attempt to recover rent for Cox's occupancy of the Ranch after his option expired.

Pursuant to an order issued by the bankruptcy court, the property was sold at auction on July 18, 2001 for $2.8 million. The sale closed the following month. The proceeds of the sale were used to (1) satisfy the balance due on the AgSouth mortgage, (2) reimburse Christopher for the monies he had paid AgSouth and Banks, and (3) pay Christopher the $100,000 "kicker," interest (at 9.25% per annum) on the funds he had advanced, and his attorney's fees.

On October 9, 2003, the bankruptcy court held a bench trial in the adversary proceeding. After considering what Cox and Christopher had to say, the testimony of their witnesses, and the documentary evidence presented, the court rendered its decision on October 20, 2003. The court found that, under the circumstances leading up to and surrounding the parties' dealings, the parties intended that the warranty deed and the option contract create a mortgage. Cox's estate was therefore entitled to the balance of the $2.8 million that had been paid for the Ranch.

Christopher appealed the decision to the district court. Concluding that the bankruptcy court's findings of fact were not clearly erroneous and that the court's application of Georgia law to those findings was correct, the district court affirmed. This appeal followed.⁹

II.

The proposition that a transaction that is, on its face, an absolute conveyance of title, may, in actuality, convey title only as security for a loan is black letter law. See Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Mortgages § 3.2 (1997). It is necessary to look beyond the four corners of some conveyances — to consider parol evidence — to determine, in light of all the circumstances, whether the parties to the transaction intended to transfer title or to create a mortgage.¹⁰ See Russell v. Southard, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 139, 152, 13 L.Ed. 927 (1851); Conway's Ex'rs and Devisees v. Alexander, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 218, 237, 3 L.Ed. 321 (1812); Spence v. Steadman, 49 Ga. 133, 138 (Ga.1873).¹¹

Georgia law has long recognized that the determinative factor in distinguishing a mortgage from an absolute conveyance is the intent of the parties. See Monroe v. Foster, 49 Ga. 514, 519 (Ga. 1873) ("[I]f . . . it appear that the loan of money and security for its repayment was, in truth, the purpose and intent of the parties, it will be treated as such, notwithstanding very strong language may be used at the time to give it a different appearance."); see also Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Mortgages § 3.2 (1997). The intent of the parties in a given scenario is a question of fact. Spence, 49 Ga. at 139 ("The question of intention is one of fact, to be decided from all the circumstances.").

Christopher contends that, under Georgia law, a transaction cannot be deemed a mortgage unless it creates a creditor-debtor relationship between the parties — that absent a right to recourse by the purported lender against the purported debtor, the conveyance is what it is on its face, a conditional sale. Historically, the explicit creation of a creditor-debtor relationship, while an important factor to be considered, has not been dispositive. See Conway's Ex'rs and Devisees, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) at 237. Christopher argues that the Georgia Supreme Court identified the explicit creation of such a relationship as a requirement for a conveyance to be construed as a mortgage in Haire v. Cook, 237 Ga. 639, 229 S.E.2d 436 (1976), and Tingle v. Tingle, 227 Ga. 97, 179 S.E.2d 51 (1971).

It is true that both Haire and Tingle place great weight on the purported lender's lack of recourse against the purported debtor, and both cases contain language that supports Christopher's contention. See Haire, 229 S.E.2d at 439 ("[T]here is no evidence that the grantee had the right to demand repayment and no evidence that either plaintiff agreed to be obligated to repay the debt . . . . Thus the deed cannot be considered to be a mortgage."); Tingle, 179 S.E.2d at 55 ("For a security transaction to exist there must be the relationship of debtor and creditor.") We agree, however, with the distinctions pointed out by the...