United States v. Nevarez-Alcantar

• Decision Date: 23 April 1974
• Docket Number: No. 73-1707.,73-1707.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gilberto NEVAREZ-ALCANTAR, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

495 F.2d 678 (1974)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gilberto NEVAREZ-ALCANTAR, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 73-1707.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

April 23, 1974.

Don J. Svet, Asst. U. S. Atty., Albuquerque, N. M. (Victor R. Ortega, U. S. Atty., Albuquerque, N. M., on the brief) for plaintiff-appellee.

Winston Roberts-Hohl, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Albuquerque, N. M., for defendant-appellant.

Before LEWIS, Chief Judge, DURFEE, Judge, Court of Claims^*, and BARRETT, Circuit Judge.

BARRETT, Circuit Judge.

Gilberto Nevarez-Alcantar appeals his conviction of possession of heroin with the intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C.A. § 841(a)(1).¹

On April 12, 1973, Alcantar was riding as a passenger on a bus from El Paso, Texas, to San Francisco, California. While en route he became so intoxicated that he was forced to debus at Lordsburg, New Mexico. Alcantar left the bus with a locked suitcase. Shortly thereafter, at approximately 12:20 a. m., in the belief that he had arrived in San Francisco, Alcantar approached two Lordsburg police officers and requested that they drive him to an address which they immediately realized was not in Lordsburg.

Upon questioning by the officers, Alcantar identified himself by producing an Alien Registration Receipt Card; stating his address as San Francisco, California; and displaying a Republic of Mexico driver's license, issued one month previously, which listed his address of residence as Zaragoza, Chihuahua, Mexico. Each of the identification cards contained his photo. After arresting Alcantar for drunkenness, and after determining that he was a Spanish speaking alien, the officers took him to the United States Border Patrol office in Lordsburg.

At the Border Patrol office, Alcantar was questioned further by Agent Ashton. Alcantar was in possession of his suitcase during the interrogation. After questioning Alcantar, Ashton was not satisfied with his identification, inasmuch as the Alien Registration Card indicated that he was residing in the United States, whereas the driver's license stated a residence in Mexico. Ashton and the Lordsburg officers thereupon forcibly opened Alcantar's locked suitcase, in search of further identification. Upon opening the suitcase, Ashton discovered 13 1/4 ounces of heroin. Alcantar was subsequently charged under 21 U.S.C.A. § 841(a)(1).

Prior to his trial before the court, having waived a jury, Alcantar moved to suppress the heroin seized from his suitcase. Alcantar contended that the seizure which resulted from the search was: (1) without a warrant; (2) without probable cause; (3) without his consent; and (4) unreasonable when the terms and prohibitions of the Fourth Amendment are considered.

After a pre-trial evidentiary hearing the Court denied the motion to suppress, holding, inter alia: (1) that Alcantar was still intoxicated while being interviewed at the Border Patrol office; (2) that he did not consent to the search of his suitcase; (3) that he was arrested for intoxication; (4) that the search could therefore not be justified as incident to arrest; (5) that there was no danger that Alcantar could reach into the locked suitcase and grab a weapon or destroy any evidence; (6) that the search of the suitcase was not in any sense an inventory of Alcantar's personal property; (7) that the search was solely an effort to find more information establishing Alcantar's "identity"; and (8) that the officers had probable cause to search the suitcase for more information concerning Alcantar's identity.

On appeal, Alcantar contends that the Court erred in denying his motion to suppress. We hold that the trial court did not err.

Alcantar does not contend that the officers did not have probable cause to search the suitcase for further identification. Rather, he argues that under Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971), a search, absent exigent circumstances, cannot be made without a search warrant. Further, he relies on United States v. Baca, 417 F.2d 103 (10th Cir. 1969), for the rule that one claiming to be exempt from the warrant requirement has the burden of establishing his exemptions.

The Fourth Amendment prohibits only an unreasonable search undertaken without a search warrant. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). A border patrol agent may interrogate and search without a warrant, under 8 U.S.C.A. § 1357(a)(1) and (c):

(a) Any officer or employee of the Service authorized under regulations prescribed by the Attorney General shall have power without warrant —

(1) to interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as to his right to be or to remain in the United States; . . . .

* * * * * *

(c) Any officer or employee of the Service authorized and designated under regulations prescribed by the Attorney General, whether individually or as one of a class, shall have power to conduct a search, without warrant, of the person, and of the personal effects in the possession of any person seeking admission to the United States, concerning whom such officer or employee may have reasonable cause to suspect that grounds exist for exclusion from the United States under this chapter which would be disclosed by such search.

Agent Ashton was not only expressly authorized to interrogate Alcantar, but, under the circumstances, he and the Lordsburg officers also had probable cause to search his locked suitcase for further identification. We agree with the following finding of the trial court:

The officers had reasonable cause to inquire further as to the contradiction between the residence shown on the driver\'s license and his claim as to residence in the United States. They were justified in seeking further information to determine whether the defendant had violated any of the conditions of the Alien Registration Card so that it would not at that time be valid authority for the defendant to be in the United States. Particularly the fact that the card was five years old, whereas the Mexican driver\'s license had been issued one month before would give cause to inquire as to the defendant\'s present right to be in the United States under the authority of the Alien Registration Card.

It is fundamental that "a police officer may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest." Terry v. Ohio, supra, at p. 22, 88 S.Ct. at p. 1880. And, under appropriate circumstances, police officers have a duty to approach, temporarily detain and question persons as to possible crimes, and investigate suspicious behavior, even though there are insufficient grounds for arrest. United States v. Saldana, 453 F.2d 352 (10th Cir. 1972); United States v. Sanchez, 450 F.2d 525 (10th Cir. 1971).

In determining probable cause "practical considerations of everyday life" must prevail. Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949); United States v. Romero, 484 F.2d 1324 (10th Cir. 1973). Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer's knowledge are sufficient in themselves to warrant a prudent man into believing that an offense has been or is being committed. Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964); Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959); United States v. Smaldone, 485 F.2d 1333 (10th Cir. 1973); Taylor v. United States, 334 F.2d 386 (10th Cir. 1964).

If the enforcement officers have probable cause to believe, as they did in the instant case, that the law is being violated in their presence (illegal entry into the United States), they may conduct a search of the person and portable personal effects in his immediate possession if it is impracticable to secure a warrant in those cases where the warrant is otherwise required. United States v. One 1957 Ford Ranchero Pickup Truck, 265 F.2d 21 (10th Cir. 1959). In our judgment Agent Ashton and the Lordsburg police officers were confronted with facts and circumstances generating the basis for probable cause rather than bare suspicion. The issue, then, is whether, under the facts and circumstances, the search of Alcantar's suitcase, absent a search warrant, was violative of the Fourth Amendment. We hold that it was...